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Russian History > The October Revolution (4) > Flashcards

The October Revolution (4) Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Lenin return to Petrograd?

A

April 3rd

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2
Q

When did Lenin issue his April Theses?

A

4th April

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3
Q

When were the Bolshevik red guards formed?

A

20th April 1917

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4
Q

Who led the PG during the dual authority spell?

A

Prince Lvov?

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5
Q

Who was Prince Lvov?

A

A large landowner and progressive reformer, who headed the PG from March to July in 1917

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6
Q

What were the two crippling weaknesses of the PG?

A
  1. It was not an elected body so lacked legitimate authority and had no claim regarding the loyalty of the Russian people. It would be judged entirely upon how it dealt with the nation’s problems.
  2. It’s authority was limited by its unofficial partnership with the Petrograd Soviet
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7
Q

Who was a member of both the PG and PS? How?

A

Alexander Kerensky

He was to be Prime Minister of the PG and chairman of the PS

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8
Q

What was “Soviet Order Number 1”?

A

The PS restricted the PG’s authority and the state’s military were to only obey orders so to not contradict the orders and decrees of the Soviet

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9
Q

What was the importance of the Order?

A

Military affairs of the PG could only happen with permission from the PS

Without an army, a government does not hold true power

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10
Q

Between February and April 1917, how did the two bodies in dual authority get along?

A

There was no serious disputes

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11
Q

How did the people of Petrograd feel following the February revolution?

A

People were enthusiastic as a new era had dawned, encouraging a genuine feeling that Russia has entered a period of genuine freedom.

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12
Q

What were the early achievements of the PG?

A
  1. An amnesty for political prisoners
  2. Trade unions legally recognised 3. An 8 hour day for industrial workers
  3. The Tsarist secret police was replaced with a “people’s milita”
  4. Granting of full civil rights and religious freedoms
  5. Preparations made for the election of a constituent assembly
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13
Q

What did the PG achievements not benefit?

A

The critical issues of war and land

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14
Q

Who began the destructive process between the PS and the PG?

A

Lenin

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15
Q

What did Lenin say regarding the war in his letter while in exile?

A

He urged turning the war into an international class conflict

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16
Q

What did Lenin say about the PG while in exile?

A

People were to reject the Provisional Government

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17
Q

What did Lenin say about other parties in his letter while in exile?

A

There was to be no cooperation with them

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18
Q

Who was Lev Kamenev?

A

A leading voice in the Bolsheviks who returned with Stalin, and originally took an anti-Lenin line

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19
Q

What was a class war as described by Lenin?

A

The Bolsheviks should infiltrate the armies of the warring nations and encourage soldiers to turn their weapons against their officers as the first step at overthrowing their governments

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20
Q

Who did Lenin have conflicting policies with when the Bolsheviks returned?

A

Lev Kamenev and Stalin

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21
Q

What did Kamenev and Stalin believe should happen?

A
  1. Acceptance of the situation in Petrograd
  2. Co-operation with the PG
  3. Alliance with the other parties
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22
Q

What did Lenin deliver upon his return?

A

The April Theses

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23
Q

What was the April Theses?

A

Short simple slogans to attract people to the party

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24
Q

What did Lenin say in the April Theses?

A

“Peace, bread, land”

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25
Q

What did “Peace, bread, land” mean?

A

Ending the war with Germany
Solving the chronic food shortage
Solve the crisis with the peasants in the countryside

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26
Q

What did Lenin abandon on his return in April?

A

Cooperation with other parties

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27
Q

What were the two slogans used on Lenin’s arrival in April?

A

“Peace, bread, land”

“All power to the Soviets”

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28
Q

What was the PG’s issue with the war?

A

They had no choice but to fight it

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29
Q

Why did the PG have to continue the war?

A

It was for financial purposes

Without the war, it would no longer receive the supplies and war credits from the allies that it relied upon

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30
Q

Why did the Provisional Government not stand a chance at solving Russia’s issues?

A

In order to survive, it had to remain in the war, but in doing so, ruined its own chance of survival

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31
Q

What caused the first issue between the PG and PS?

A

The war

The PS wanted peace in the war and the PG wanted to continue

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32
Q

Who was Kerensky?

A

War Minister

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33
Q

What was Kerensky’s view on war?

A

He was a major influence, campaigning for Russia to embrace the conflict as a struggle to save the revolution

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34
Q

What did Kerensky do high failed badly?

A

The June Offensive

35
Q

Why did the June Offensive fail?

A

Low morale on the front, combined with Bolshevik agitators encouraging them to disobey orders, meant they were no match for the Austrian forces

36
Q

Who was General Kornilov?

A

A very brave soldier, who hated Russia’s revolutionaries

37
Q

Where was Kronstadt?

A

A naval base 15 miles west of Petrograd

38
Q

What happened at Kronstadt?

A

Sailors and workers there defied the central authorities by setting up their own central government

39
Q

What did the Kronstadt uprising lead to?

A

It tempted a number of revolutionaries into thinking that the opportunity had come for them to bring down the PG

40
Q

What was the attempt to bring down the PG following Kronstadt known as?

A

The July Days

41
Q

What was clear from the July Days?

A

The government was no longer in control of events

42
Q

What were the 4 main signs of a breakdown of order during the July Days?

A
  1. The spread of Soviets
  2. Worker control of factories
  3. Widespread seizure of land by the peasants
  4. The creation of breakaway national minority governments, eg. In the Ukraine
43
Q

What happened to the July Days?

A

It was a confused, disorderly affair and the demonstrators were disunited, so easily crushed by the PG

44
Q

What were the 3 main consequences of the July Days?

A
  1. Movement from the opposition was disunited
  2. Bolsheviks were far from being the dominant revolutionary party
  3. PG still had the strength to put down an uprising
45
Q

Who did the reaction to the July Days credit?

A

Kerensky

46
Q

After becoming PM on the 8th July, what were Kerensky’s main ideas?

A

He closed down the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda, and arrested many leaders, eg. Trotsky and Kamenev
He branded the Bolsheviks traitors

47
Q

What were the PG’s two main failures, which allowed the Bolsheviks to survive?

A

The critical misjudgements regarding the land problem and the Kornilov Affair

48
Q

What did the peasants want the PG to do?

A

Carry out a redistribution of land so when they didn’t, they took the law into their own hands and seized it from local landlords

49
Q

What did Lenin do to overcome the land problem?

A

Altered his original ideas

50
Q

Who’s idea towards land did Lenin take? What was it?

A

The SRs

“Land to the peasants”

51
Q

What did Lenin’s attitude towards land mean?

A

There was a considerable swing to the Bolsheviks in the countryside

52
Q

When was the Kornilov Affair?

A

August 1917

53
Q

What did the Kornilov Affair enable the Bolsheviks to do?

A

Recover from their post - July Days humiliations

54
Q

What was Kornilov’s political stance?

A

He believed that before Russia could fulfil its patriotic duty of defeating Germany, it must first destroyed the socialist enemies within

55
Q

What was Kornilov’s intentions?

A

To remove the PG and impose military rule

56
Q

How did Kerensky respond due to fearing Kornilov would attack?

A

He called on all loyal citizens to take up arms to defend the city

57
Q

Who returned to gather weapons during the Kornilov Affair?

A

The Bolsheviks collected the weapons issued by the PG

58
Q

What was the irony of the Kornilov Affair?

A

The government had armed the Bolsheviks

59
Q

Why were the weapons not needed against Kornilov?

A

The railway workers refused to operate the trains and bring his army to Petrograd

60
Q

What two ways did the Kornilov Affair benefit the Bolsheviks?

A
  1. They could present themselves as the defenders of Petrograd, diverting attention away from their failure in the July Days
  2. They now had basic weapons supplied by the government
61
Q

Following the success of the Kornilov Affair, what political success did the Bolsheviks achieve?

A

A majority in the Petrograd Soviet, on the 25th September 1917

62
Q

What was Lenin encouraging from his party while exiled in Finland?

A

Immediate overthrow of Kerensky’s government

63
Q

Why was Lenin so urgent about assuming power in the September?

A
  1. The meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets in late October
  2. The election for the Constituent Assembly in November
64
Q

When did Lenin return to Petrograd?

A

7th October

65
Q

Who made the first move of a rising in October?

A

Kerensky

66
Q

How did Kerensky begin the overthrow of the PG?

A

He decided to close down the Bolshevik newspapers and round up the leading Bolsheviks- they had no choice but to respond

67
Q

Who planned the Bolshevik takeover?

A

Trotsky

68
Q

What position did Trotsky hold?

A

Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet

69
Q

What did Trotsky’s position as chairman of the PS allow him to do?

A

Set up the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) on the 9th October

70
Q

What did the MRC mean?

A

It organised the defence of Petrograd

71
Q

What was the name of the army used by the Bolsheviks?

A

The Red Guard

72
Q

What did the Red Guard seize at the beginning of the revolution?

A

Bridges, banks, telegraph poles

73
Q

In how long and when did the PG collapse?

A

25-27 October

Three days

74
Q

What was remarkable about the October Revolution?

A

Very little fighting

Only 6 people died

75
Q

Where were the PG headquarters?

A

The Winter Palace

76
Q

What was exaggerated following the Bolshevik takeover of the Winter Palace?

A

It was made to be a heroic battle which the hugely powerful Bolsheviks won, when in reality, it was only defended by a Women’s Battalion

77
Q

When was the Winter Palace seized by the Bolsheviks?

A

25-26 October

78
Q

What was the pre-arranged signal following the takeover?

A

The sounding of the guns by the pro-Soviet crew of the cruiser Aurora, convinced the remaining members of the government that their position was hopeless

79
Q

What did Trotsky believe the main two factors for Bolshevik success were?

A

The failure of the Provisional garrison to resist

The existence of the MRC

80
Q

What were the weaknesses of the PG?

A

It could not gather enthusiasm from the people, and came no where near to solving Russia’s problems

81
Q

Why did none of the other parties pose a serious challenge to the Bolsheviks for leadership?

A

They believed February to be a genuine revolution, and it made sense for them to support the PG which claimed to represent the progressive forces in Russia

82
Q

What were Trotsky and Lenin’s roles in the October revolution?

A

Trotsky planned the revolution

Lenin controlled the actions of the party

83
Q

How many members were in the Bolshevik party in February 1917?

A

24000

84
Q

How many members were in the Bolshevik party in October 1917?

A

340000

Russian History (7 decks)

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