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Large animal GI > Walz Final Material > Flashcards

Walz Final Material Flashcards

1
Q

Primary causative agent of liver abscess in cattle?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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2
Q

Two potential causes for liver abscess (sources of infection)

A

Rumenitis (secondary to lactic acidosis)

Navel infection (neonates)

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3
Q

Are liver abscesses routinely treated?

A

No–poor prognosis & difficult for antibiotics to penetrate abscesses

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4
Q

Two ways to prevent rumenitis?

A

slowly transition over to grain diets

provide access to long-stem roughage

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5
Q

Which groups of cattle are at increased risk for hepatic lipidosis?

A

Postpartum dairy cows

Overconditioned beef cows

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6
Q

Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes occurs due to?

A

increased levels of circulating NEFAs

*NOT due to low apolipoprotein

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7
Q

IV glucose and insulin are indicated treatments for which disease? What do they do?

A

Hepatic lipidosis

Insulin–inhibits lipolysis
Glucose–decreases hormone sensitive lipase activity

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8
Q

Concerning infections with flukes, which spp. is more likely to get:

1) acute infections
2) chronic infections

A

1) sheep

2) cattle

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9
Q

Which fluke cannot be detected in feces? Why?

A

F. maga

Walls itself off–infection doesn’t become patent

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10
Q

Which stage of flukes are targeted by:

1) albendazole
2) Clorsulon
3) Ivermec + Clorsulon

A

1) adults only
2) adults & late immatures
3) adults only (lower concentration of Clorsulon)

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11
Q

Hepatotoxic plants inhibit the animal’s ability to clear which compound? What does it lead to?

A

Phylloerythrin

Secondary photosensitization

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12
Q

Permanent dental formula for cattle

A

2(0/4, 3/3, 3/3)= 32 teeth

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13
Q

Causative agent for:

1) Wooden tongue
2) Lumpy jaw

A

1) Actinobacillus lignieresii

2) Actinomyces bovis

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14
Q

The lesions of wooden tongue infect the _____ and cause what type of inflammation?

A

Soft tissue & cause granulomatous inflammation (granulomas at base of tongue)

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15
Q

Wooden tongue and lumpy jaw can both be treated with?

A

Sodium iodide–watch for toxicity

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16
Q

Lumpy jaw occurs when the bacteria gains access to the ____

A

bone (most commonly the horizontal ramus of mandible)

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17
Q

T/F: BOTH Actinobacillus lignieresii & Actinomyces bovis are normal inhabitants of the oral cavity

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Give two causative agents for stomatitis in cattle (1 viral, 1 bacterial)

A

Viral–Bovine papular stomatitis

Bacterial–F. necrophorum (oral necrobacillosis)

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19
Q

Which clinical sign differentiates Bovine papular stomatitis from FMD & mucosal disease(BVDV)?

A

LACK of lesions on feet

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20
Q

Which spp. are affected by vesicular stomatitis?

A

Pigs, sheep/goats, cattle, horses

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21
Q

The 3 primary hosts of foot & mouth disease and their purpose

A

Sheep–maintenance host

Pigs–amplifiers

Cattle–indicators

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22
Q

Which species does NOT get FMD?

A

Horses!

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23
Q

T/F: FMD cannot be distinguished from vesicular stomatitis clinically

A

True!

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24
Q

A common cause of choke (esophageal obstruction) &4 places it can occur

A

rapid ingestion of grain (not enough saliva)

1) throat latch (pharyngeal-esophagus junction)
2) base of heart
3) in front of cardia
4) thoracic inlet

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25
Q

4 Ruminal contraction patterns:

A

1) primary contraction
2) secondary contraction (eructation)
3) rumination
4) esophageal groove closure

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26
Q

Hypermotility of the rumen is commonly associated with

A

vagal indigestion

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27
Q

T/F: Chloride levels in a normal rumen should be high

A

FALSE–chloride is made in abomasum and should be LOW in rumen

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28
Q

The following clinical signs are associated with what disease:

  • papple contour of abdomne, intermittent anorexia with weight loss
  • presence of stems in feces
  • L-shaped rumen felt on rectal palpation
A

Vagal indigestion

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29
Q

For which type(s) of vagal indigestion would you expect rumen chloride to be elevated?

A

Type 3 & 4

*high chloride indicates abomasal reflux

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30
Q

A concern for milk-fed calves demonstrating intermittent diarrhea & a distended rumen?

A

Rumen putrefaction

31
Q

2 causes for frothy bloat?

A

1) primary disease (gas gets trapped in tiny bubbles)

2) relaxation of cardia doesn’t occur (failure of eructation)

32
Q

2 treatments indicated for frothy bloat

A

1) rumenotomy (trocarization WON’T work!!)

2) anti-foaming agents (poloxalene, mineral oil, docusate sodium)

33
Q

Describe the bacterial changes seen with lactic acidosis

A

increase in the number of G+ (strep & lactobacillus)

G- die off and cause endotoxemia

34
Q

How does lactic acidosis impact rumen motility?

A

Causes complete stasis

**OPPOSITE to vagal indigestion

35
Q

Why is activated charcol indicated for tx of lactic acidosis?

A

inactivates endotoxin

36
Q

Which types of vagal indisgestion can be seen with hardware disease?

A

Type 2 or 3

37
Q

Which nerves innervate the paralumbar fossa?

A

T13, L1, L2

38
Q

For the proximal paravertebral nerve block, where do the nerves exit?

A

immediately caudal to their corresponding vertebra (L1 nerve exits directly caudal to L1 vertebra)

39
Q

Where do you block (vertebrae numbers) for the distal paravertebral

A

At the transverse process of L1, L2, L4

40
Q

During an exploratory laparotomy, which organ serves as your landmark?

A

Left Kidney

41
Q

Which approach allows better access for a ex-lap?

A

Right flank

42
Q

Where are the intestines located when trying to find them during an exploratory?

A

in the supra-omental recess

43
Q

When incising into the cow, name the layers you encounter from superficial to deep

A

1) skin
2) external abdominal oblique (caudo-ventral)
3) internal abdominal oblique (cranio-ventral)
4) transverse abdominal muscle
5) peritoneum

44
Q

Structures to be cautious of when making a:

1) left flank approach
2) Right flank approach

A

1) Rumen or LDA

2) duodenum, RDA, AV (abomasal volvulus)

45
Q

Most common indication to perform a rumenotomy?

A

hardware disease

46
Q

What type of pattern is indicated for rumen closure?

A

double layer inverting continuous patter

Ex: cushing, guard rumen stitch

47
Q

Typical signalment for abomasal displacement?

A

older (4-7yr) dairy cattle ~1month after calving

48
Q

These clinical signs are indicative of?

  • selective anorexia (cow won’t eat grain)
  • ping in left paralumbar fossa
  • -normal TPR
A

LDA

ping can help determine left vs. right displacement

49
Q

What can cause pings on left side (3 things)

A

1) LDA, rumen typman, rumen void

50
Q

Proximal colon distension and duodenal gas can cause pings on which side?

A

Right side

51
Q

Which type of ulcers tend to bleed? (perforating or non?)

A

Non-perforating

52
Q

Which type (#) of ulcer is associated with:

1) BLV+ cows
2) black, tarry feces with pcv <15%

A

1) Type 3

2) Type 2

53
Q

For which type of ulcer (#) is there no treatment–euthanasia is option

A

Type 3 (BLV-associated)

54
Q

Causative agent of abomasitis?

A

Clostridium perfringens Type A

**Dairy calves < 21days

55
Q

How does the Right paralumbar fossa pyloro-omentopexy differ from the right paralumbar fossa omtentopexy?

A

it includes the seromuscular layer of the pylorus in the closure of the peritoneum

56
Q

Which surgical approach for LDA offers the lowest change for recurrence?

A

Right paramedian abomasopexy

57
Q

Palpation of distended SI, pings in R paralumbar fossa, and severe abdominal pain are indicative of?

A

Intestinal volvulus

58
Q

Most common site for intussusception

A

small intestine (jejunum-jejunum)

59
Q

The presence of what 3 factors precludes to hemorrhagic bowel disease?

A

1) Presence of C. perfringens in GI tract
2) Abundance of nutrients (carbs for organism)
3) disruption of intestinal motility

60
Q

Finding a section of bowel distended by blood or a blood clot would be indicative of?

A

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

61
Q

This disease is associated with housed, dairy cattle–they have large volume diarrhea & mild respiratory signs

A

Winter dysentery

62
Q

Causative agent of winter dysentery?

A

Bovine Coronavirus

63
Q

Which serotype of salmonella is host-adapted and can persist in cattle?

A

Salmonella enterica spp. enterica

SEROTYPE= Dublin

64
Q

Which treatment is NOT indicated for enteric cases of salmonella?

A

Antibiotics

65
Q

Two common sites of atresia coli

A

Anus

spiral colon

66
Q

Ileus is a typical finding associated with?

A

Peritonitis

67
Q

4 common metabolic derrangement associated with calf scours

A

1) dehydration
2) acidosis
3) electrolyte abnormalities (hyperkalemia)
4) hypoglycemia

68
Q

1 risk factor for calves for getting calf scours

A

failure of passive transfer

69
Q

Concerning Clostridium perfringens, which type is most common?

What type of calves is it associated with?

A

Type C–causes segmental enteritis in calves

Associated with healthiest, fastest growing calves
**milk trypsin inhibitors prevent breakdown of beta-toxin

70
Q

T/F: E. coli adheres to the mucosa but does NOT infiltrate or cause necrosis

A

True!

71
Q

What 3 factors all contribute to calf scours?

A

Host factors
environment
Agent

72
Q

Which agent of calf scours is difficult to treat and why?

A

Crypto. parvum

it’s located within the plasma membrane (intracellular but extracytoplasmic)

73
Q

Which calf scours agent is capable of autoinfection?

A

Crypto. parvum

oocyst can sporulate in gut and are immediately infective

Large animal GI (5 decks)

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