Parasites, colic, diarrhea Flashcards
Name the 3 classes of dewormers and 1-2 drugs in each class
1) Macrocyclic lactone (ivermectin, moxidectin)
2) Benzimidazoles (Fenbendazole, Oxibendazole)
3) Pyrantel slats (Pyrantel pamoate)
ERP for:
1) Ivermectin
2) Moxidection
3) Benzimidazoles
4) Pyrantel pamoate
1) 8 weeks
2) 12 weeks
3) 4-6weeks
4) 4-6weeks
These trademarks names are products that contain which dewormer?
-Eqvavlan, Equell, Zimectrin, Equimax, Phoenectin
ivermectin
What do terms like “max” “combo” “gold” and “plus” mean when in dewormer product names?
that praziquantel has been added
Which dewormer is in:
1) Panacur & Safe Guard
2) Anthelicidie
1) Fenbendazole
2) Oxibendazole
3 important spp. of large strongyles?
Pre-patenet period?
S. vulgaris
S. edentatus
S. equinus
6-12months
Describe how temp can impact the development/infectivity of small strongyles
eggs are passed in feces and will only develop to infective stages if the temp is btwn 45-85*
If <45–persist in soil as non-infective L2
If >85–destroyed
Concerning cyathostomiasis
1) what causes it to occur
2) how can it be detected
1) ingesting a LARGE number of eggs
2) cannot detect antemortem–it’s caused by immature stages so there won’t be any eggs on fecal!
Prepatent period of small strongyles
6-12 weeks
How can you determine the resistance pattern of parasites on an individual farm?
Fecal egg count reduction test
must see a 90% decrease in egg count to consider it fully effective
Concerning cyanthostomiasis
1) when are clinical signs from the disease usually seen
2) best way to prevent it
1) after a dose of ivermectin is given and kills off all adults in the lumen–larva then emerge
2) decrease pasture infectivity
Two treatments for encysted small stronglyes
1) Fenbendazole (only @ 10mg/kg)
2) Moxidectin (can’t use in thin horses or foals!)
The most important factor for preserving dewormer efficacy?
Maintaining refugia
____% of horses shed ____% of parasites
20% shed 80%
T/F: it’s okay to spread manure from ANY type of horse as long as it was composted at 90* for at least 2 weeks
FALSE
**never spread foal poop—composting doesn’t kill ascarids
Concerning ascarids
1) prepatent period
2) how long can they remain infective in environment
3) how soon do eggs become infective
1) 77days
2) 10years (don’t need grass and heat/cold don’t matter)
3) 2-4 weeks
Concerning deworming for ascarids:
1) when should you begin deworming foals?
2) which drugs are ascarids resistant to?
3) 2 good drug choices
1) 6-8 weeks of age
2) moxidectin & ivermectin
3) Fenbendazole & strongid
Describe the 2-2-2-2 Rule used for ascarid deworming
start at 2months old
use 1 of the 2 effective tx
deworm every 2months
continue until horse is 2yr
Tapeworms:
1) most common spp.
2) intermediate host
3) treatment
1) A. perfoliata
2) orabatid grain mites
3) double dose pyrantel or praziquantel
Two types of hay that increase the risk for colic
1) Coastal bermuda
2) Alfalfa (blister beetles and high mineral content)
Normal temperature for
1) adult horses
2) foals
1) 99-102
2) 100-102.5
Two indications for immediate NG tube intubation?
1) horses with severe colic pain
2) pulse >80bpm
What does lactic acid indicate?
increases indicate tissue compromise (i.e. poor perfusion)
What type of process is diarrhea in the adult horse?
Malasbsorptive, hypersecretory
Concerning clostridal pathology:
1) which spp. is a normal flora?
2) name 3 risk factors for infection
1) Clostridium perfringens
2) antibiotics, withholding roughage, intestinal stasis
Two major toxins of Clostridium difficile? what does each cause?
Toxin a (enterotoxin)–hypersecretion and tissue damage
Toxin B (cytotoxin)–intestinal inflammation and necrosis
Causative agent of potomac horse fever? Predilection sites?
Neorickettsia risticii
monocytes and macrophages
Best method of diagnosis for potomac horse fever?
PCR (sensitive and sepcific, not influenced by vaccination)
This disease causes a high, biphasic fever, diarrhea, colic, and is associated with swampy areas
Potomac horse fever
T/F: Right dorsal colitis won’t develop as long as NSAIDs are given at the proper dose
FALSE (can occur with proper dosing)
Blister beetles in alfalfa hay are associated with what type of toxicity
Cantharidin toxicity
Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with what type of diarrhea
malabsorptive (osmotic drag can increase secretions)
Two tests for confirming IBD?
carbohydrate absorption test
oral glucose tolerance test
For which forms of IBD is the prognosis
1) poor (euthanize)
2) good
1) GE, LPE, MEED
2) EE (esosinophilic)
Rotavirus in foals:
1) most commonly affected age group
2) pathogenesis (how does it cause diarrhea)
1) 2-3 weeks
2) destroys lactose-producing cells and absorptive cells of intestinal mucosa
Foals affected with Clostridium _____ will present MUCH sicker than those with the other spp.
Clostridium perfringens (sicker than difficile foals)
Foals with ____ will get subacute to severe diarrhea, will be down, uncomfortable and have bright pink gums; bloodwork will show systemic changes
Salmonella
*Rota infected will be more alert than these foals
Concerning lactose intolerance:
1) what clinical sign/history would you expect
2) a test you can use to diagnose it
1) a foal that has mild colic and bloating after nursing
2) Lactose tolerance test
Which cause of diarrhea in foals is ALWAYS associated with anemia?
Lawsonia intracellularis
When correcting volume depletion:
1) how do you calculate fluid deficits?
2) what is the maintenance rate for adults and foals
1) % dehydration x BW(kg)
2) adults: 60-100ml/kg/day
foals–80-120ml/kg/day
When correcting the base deficit, how rapidly do you do so?
replace 1/4-1/2 of the deficit in the first 6 hrs (then over the next 12-24hr)
