Parasites, colic, diarrhea

Question 1

Name the 3 classes of dewormers and 1-2 drugs in each class

Answer 1

1) Macrocyclic lactone (ivermectin, moxidectin)
2) Benzimidazoles (Fenbendazole, Oxibendazole)
3) Pyrantel slats (Pyrantel pamoate)

Question 2

ERP for:

1) Ivermectin
2) Moxidection
3) Benzimidazoles
4) Pyrantel pamoate

Answer 2

1) 8 weeks
2) 12 weeks
3) 4-6weeks
4) 4-6weeks

Question 3

These trademarks names are products that contain which dewormer?
-Eqvavlan, Equell, Zimectrin, Equimax, Phoenectin

Answer 3

ivermectin

Question 4

What do terms like “max” “combo” “gold” and “plus” mean when in dewormer product names?

Answer 4

that praziquantel has been added

Question 5

Which dewormer is in:

1) Panacur & Safe Guard
2) Anthelicidie

Answer 5

1) Fenbendazole

2) Oxibendazole

Question 6

3 important spp. of large strongyles?

Pre-patenet period?

Answer 6

S. vulgaris
S. edentatus
S. equinus

6-12months

Question 7

Describe how temp can impact the development/infectivity of small strongyles

Answer 7

eggs are passed in feces and will only develop to infective stages if the temp is btwn 45-85*

If <45–persist in soil as non-infective L2

If >85–destroyed

Question 8

Concerning cyathostomiasis

1) what causes it to occur
2) how can it be detected

Answer 8

1) ingesting a LARGE number of eggs

2) cannot detect antemortem–it’s caused by immature stages so there won’t be any eggs on fecal!

Question 9

Prepatent period of small strongyles

Answer 9

6-12 weeks

Question 10

How can you determine the resistance pattern of parasites on an individual farm?

Answer 10

Fecal egg count reduction test

must see a 90% decrease in egg count to consider it fully effective

Question 11

Concerning cyanthostomiasis
1) when are clinical signs from the disease usually seen

2) best way to prevent it

Answer 11

1) after a dose of ivermectin is given and kills off all adults in the lumen–larva then emerge
2) decrease pasture infectivity

Question 12

Two treatments for encysted small stronglyes

Answer 12

1) Fenbendazole (only @ 10mg/kg)

2) Moxidectin (can’t use in thin horses or foals!)

Question 13

The most important factor for preserving dewormer efficacy?

Answer 13

Maintaining refugia

Question 14

____% of horses shed ____% of parasites

Answer 14

20% shed 80%

Question 15

T/F: it’s okay to spread manure from ANY type of horse as long as it was composted at 90* for at least 2 weeks

Answer 15

FALSE

**never spread foal poop—composting doesn’t kill ascarids

Question 16

Concerning ascarids

1) prepatent period
2) how long can they remain infective in environment
3) how soon do eggs become infective

Answer 16

1) 77days
2) 10years (don’t need grass and heat/cold don’t matter)
3) 2-4 weeks

Question 17

Concerning deworming for ascarids:

1) when should you begin deworming foals?
2) which drugs are ascarids resistant to?
3) 2 good drug choices

Answer 17

1) 6-8 weeks of age
2) moxidectin & ivermectin
3) Fenbendazole & strongid

Question 18

Describe the 2-2-2-2 Rule used for ascarid deworming

Answer 18

start at 2months old
use 1 of the 2 effective tx
deworm every 2months
continue until horse is 2yr

Question 19

Tapeworms:

1) most common spp.
2) intermediate host
3) treatment

Answer 19

1) A. perfoliata
2) orabatid grain mites
3) double dose pyrantel or praziquantel

Question 20

Two types of hay that increase the risk for colic

Answer 20

1) Coastal bermuda

2) Alfalfa (blister beetles and high mineral content)

Question 21

Normal temperature for

1) adult horses
2) foals

Answer 21

1) 99-102

2) 100-102.5

Question 22

Two indications for immediate NG tube intubation?

Answer 22

1) horses with severe colic pain

2) pulse >80bpm

Question 23

What does lactic acid indicate?

Answer 23

increases indicate tissue compromise (i.e. poor perfusion)

Question 24

What type of process is diarrhea in the adult horse?

Answer 24

Malasbsorptive, hypersecretory

Question 25

Concerning clostridal pathology:

1) which spp. is a normal flora?
2) name 3 risk factors for infection

Answer 25

1) Clostridium perfringens

2) antibiotics, withholding roughage, intestinal stasis

Question 26

Two major toxins of Clostridium difficile? what does each cause?

Answer 26

Toxin a (enterotoxin)–hypersecretion and tissue damage

Toxin B (cytotoxin)–intestinal inflammation and necrosis

Question 27

Causative agent of potomac horse fever? Predilection sites?

Answer 27

Neorickettsia risticii

monocytes and macrophages

Question 28

Best method of diagnosis for potomac horse fever?

Answer 28

PCR (sensitive and sepcific, not influenced by vaccination)

Question 29

This disease causes a high, biphasic fever, diarrhea, colic, and is associated with swampy areas

Answer 29

Potomac horse fever

Question 30

T/F: Right dorsal colitis won’t develop as long as NSAIDs are given at the proper dose

Answer 30

FALSE (can occur with proper dosing)

Question 31

Blister beetles in alfalfa hay are associated with what type of toxicity

Answer 31

Cantharidin toxicity

Question 32

Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with what type of diarrhea

Answer 32

malabsorptive (osmotic drag can increase secretions)

Question 33

Two tests for confirming IBD?

Answer 33

carbohydrate absorption test

oral glucose tolerance test

Question 34

For which forms of IBD is the prognosis

1) poor (euthanize)
2) good

Answer 34

1) GE, LPE, MEED

2) EE (esosinophilic)

Question 35

Rotavirus in foals:

1) most commonly affected age group
2) pathogenesis (how does it cause diarrhea)

Answer 35

1) 2-3 weeks

2) destroys lactose-producing cells and absorptive cells of intestinal mucosa

Question 36

Foals affected with Clostridium _____ will present MUCH sicker than those with the other spp.

Answer 36

Clostridium perfringens (sicker than difficile foals)

Question 37

Foals with ____ will get subacute to severe diarrhea, will be down, uncomfortable and have bright pink gums; bloodwork will show systemic changes

Answer 37

Salmonella

*Rota infected will be more alert than these foals

Question 38

Concerning lactose intolerance:

1) what clinical sign/history would you expect
2) a test you can use to diagnose it

Answer 38

1) a foal that has mild colic and bloating after nursing

2) Lactose tolerance test

Question 39

Which cause of diarrhea in foals is ALWAYS associated with anemia?

Answer 39

Lawsonia intracellularis

Question 40

When correcting volume depletion:

1) how do you calculate fluid deficits?
2) what is the maintenance rate for adults and foals

Answer 40

1) % dehydration x BW(kg)

2) adults: 60-100ml/kg/day
foals–80-120ml/kg/day

Question 41

When correcting the base deficit, how rapidly do you do so?

Answer 41

replace 1/4-1/2 of the deficit in the first 6 hrs (then over the next 12-24hr)