W9: Perception 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The major senses that contribute to perception

A
  • Vision
  • Audition
  • Chemical sense:
  • Gustation
  • Olfaction
  • Body senses:
  • Touch
  • Proprioception (balance, occurs in the vestibular system, in the inner ear)
  • Equilibrioception (awareness of body position)
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2
Q

Why study pereption?

A

Because there are times that our brain perceives something contrary to the information being supplied by the senses.

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3
Q

How does perception impact one’s neuropsychology?

A
  • Apperceptive agnosia
    • The inability to recognise objects –> can see but can’t draw or copy an object
  • Associatie agnosia
    • Has intact perception but cannot recognise objects
  • Other examples: Alien hand syndrom, rubber hand illusion
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4
Q

How does perception impact one’s clinical psychology?

A

Eating disorder and body dysmorphia

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5
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

The scientific study of the subjective experience of perception.

Regarding the relationship between physical stimuli and the psychology experience

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6
Q

How are the smell and taste receptors activated?

A

Chemicals need to be dissolved for them to be activated

Taste –> chemical dissolve in taste buds –> saliva
Smell –> chemical dissolve in the mucus in the nose

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7
Q

What is the tasting process?

A
  • Saliva secreted during eating mixes with food in the mouth
  • Chemicals dissolved in saliva and are detected by taste receptor cells in taste buds
  • Sensory neurons in taste buds send taste information to the brain
  • Information is processed in the insular cortex, the primary gistory cortex
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8
Q

Can taste perception be interupt?

A

Taste perception continues uninterupted throughout life.

Taste receptor cells are constanly renewed, replacing cells every 1-2 months

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9
Q

How many primary smells and tastes are known?

A

7 primary smells
5 primary tastes

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10
Q

Hyposmia vs anosmia

A

Hyposmia: decresed sense of smell
Anosmia: partial or loss of sense of smell

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11
Q

What disease can affect the ability to smell?

A

Some diseases can obstruct the nasal passageway
* E.g. Alzheimer’s disease, some cancers, diabetes, zinc deficiency

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12
Q

What is the smelling process?

A
  • Sense of smell is triggered by receptors located in teh olfactory epithelium
  • The receptors send signals directly to the olfactory bulbs located in the brain
  • Olfactory system bypasses the thalamus and connects directly to the cerebral cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus
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13
Q

limbic system –> emotions –> amygdala is located here

What is the psychological significance of the fact that the olfactory system connects directly to the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus?

A

The direct connection contributes to emotional and memory-evoked responses triggered by certain smells.

The limbic system, particularly the amygdala, is associated with emotional processing and memory formation –> certain odours can evoke powerful emotional and memory-related responses

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14
Q

Parosmia, Cacosmia, Phantosmia

A

Parosmia: inability of the brain to correctly identify certain smells

Cacosmia: a type of parosmia; smells get distorted and perceived as intensely foul odours

Phantosmia: smelling an odour that is not there

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15
Q

What is somatosensation? Is it just a single sense?

A

Somatosensation is sensory expriences that provide informatiom aobut the body’s condition and its interaction with the environment

It’ not jsut a single sense. It’s a collection of sensory experiences including touch, proprioception, pain and thermoception

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16
Q

What are th receptors for somatosensation?

A

Involves receptors in skin, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments

17
Q

What is nociception?

A

Nociceptors sense harmful stimuli such as heat, cold, pressure, chemicals or tissues injury –> nociception

18
Q

How is pain perceived?

A

Pain is a conscious process perceived and interpreted in the brain

Psychological and emotional factors influence pain perception

19
Q

What are the factors that influence pain perception?

A

Cognitive appraisal:
* Brain evauates significance and threat level of pain signals
* Negative emotional reactions —> amplify pain perception
* Positive emotional reactions –> modulate emotional and psychological impact of pain

Pain chronicity and transition to chronic pain
* Transition from acute pain (short term) to chronic pain (long term) invovles complex interaction between physical and psychological factors
* Chronic pain can lead to changes in the brain’s structure and fuction –> impacting the psychological experience of pain
* Placebo effect: perceiving pain from treatments without active therapeutic value
* Nocebo effect: experiencing negative effects due to negative expectations

Pain modulation:
* Psychological interventions (e.g. CBT) can impact the brain’s pain processing areas and alter perception of pain

20
Q

What makes the vestibular system?

A

Semicircular canals

Utricle and saccule

21
Q

What is the major role of the semicircular canals?

A

Maintaining out balance and stability

Provide crucial informaton about the head’s rotational movement through the six degrees of freedom

22
Q

What is the rotational movement of the six degree of freedom?

A

X-axis:
* Movement: forward and backward
* Rotation: roll

Y-axis:
* Movement: left and right
* Rotation: pitch

Z-axis:
* Movement: up and down
* Rotation: yaw

23
Q

What’s the function and purpose of the utricle and saccule?

A

Utricle and saccule are inner ear organs containing calcium carbonate crystals (otoliths)

Function: detect linear accelerations, including gravity, aiding in balance and movement perception

Purpose: ensures smooth movement and balance, often occuring uncounsiously

24
Q

What is sound? What are the important properites of sound?

A

Sound is a type of energy that travels through air in the form of pressure waves (amplitude and frequency)

Important properties:
* Pitch:
* Determines by frequency, the number of cycles the wave completes in a second (Hz)
* Higher freqency –> higher pitch

  • Amplitude:
    • Maximum displacement of the wave from its equilibraium position
    • Greater amplitude –> louder sound
25
Q

The hearing proces

A

Sound waves enter the ear canal –> eardrum vibrate at the same frequency, causes 3 tiny bones to vibrate, causes the fluid inside the cochlea to vibrate, causes the tiny hairs that line the inside of the cochlea to vibrate –> when the hairs vibrate, they fire neurons –> send signials to the temporal lobe, where the soun is interpreted

26
Q

Why are we able to hear so many different sounds?

A

Different frequencies vibrate different hair

27
Q

The cochlea - the basilar membrane, how does sound travels through it?

A

High frequency (high pitched) sounds induced the maximal vibration at the narrower, siffer end of the basilar membrane –> the basal end

Low frequency (low pithced) cause maximal vibration at the wider, softer end of the basilar membrane –> the apical end