W3: Dev Psych 2 + Health Psych 1

Question 1

What are the parenting styles suggested in the 1950s and 1960s?

Answer 1

Child centred/ ‘soft’ parenting style: parents should be highly responsive to children’s needs

Parent-centred/ ‘hard’ parenting style: parents don’t indulge or reinforce children’s calls for attention

Question 2

Major parenting styles, (3) identified by Baumrind (1971)

Answer 2

Permissive (lenient, not much discipline)

Authoritarian (strict, little affection, disciplines is used)

Authoritative (supportive but set clear and firm limits)

Question 3

What is the additional parenting style identified by Maccoby and Martin, 1983?

Answer 3

Uninvolved (ignore children, neglect positive and negative behaviours)

Question 4

How many stages do Erikson’s Developmental Tasks have? The significance of these stages?

Answer 4

Individuals go through 8 stages of psychological development over the course of their life.

Each stage presents a specific psychological cris or challenge they must resolve to progress to the next stage

The stages emphasize the interaction between individual’s psychological needs and the social enviroment

Question 5

What are the first 2 stages of Erikson’s developmental tasks

Answer 5

Trust vs mistrust (infancy, birth - 1yr):
* Infants learn to trust caregivers –> caregivers unreliable –> mistrust
* Trust learned when the need for comfort and security are consistently met

Autonomy vs shame & doubt (early childhood, 1-3yrs)
* Todlers develop sense of independence and self-control over their actions
* Encouragement & support –> autonomy; overly critical parents –> instill shame & doubt

Question 6

Erikson’s Developmental Tasks

Preschool and school age stage

Answer 6

Initiative vs guilt (preschool, 3-6yr):
* Begins to assert themselves and initate activities
* Successful resolution –> sense of purpose + ability to initate tasks
* Children’s effort are discouraged, critisized excessively –> development of guilt

Industry vs inferiority (school age, 6-12yrs):
* Success in learning and social interactions –> sense of competence (industry)
* Failure and negative feedback –> feelings of inferiority

Question 7

Erikson’s Developmental Tasks

Erikson’s adolescene and young adulthood stage

Answer 7

Identity vs role confusion (adolescence, 12-18yrs):
* Explore and develop sense of identity
* Success in this task –> clear sense of self and future goals; confusion & identity crisis –> rol confusion

Intimacy vs Isolation (young adulthood, 18-40yrs):
* Seeking meaningful relationships and intimacy
* Developing intimate relationships –> strong connections and intimacy; fear of committment or rejections –> isolation

Question 8

Middle adulthood; Late adulthood

What are the last 2 stages in Erikson’s Developmental Taksks?

Answer 8

Generavity vs Stagnation (middle adulthood, 40-65yrs):
* Focus on contributing to well being of future generations (i.e. via parenting, mentoring, etc.)
* Success in this task –> sense of accomplishments + generavity; lack of meaning contribution –> stagnation

Integrity vs Despair (late adulthood, 65+yrs):
* Reflecting on their lives
* Sense of fulfillment + acceptance of life events –> integrity, wisdom, positive outlook on life
* Havouring regrets + sense of hopelessness about past –> despair

Question 9

What are the key changes in adolescence?

Answer 9

Biological (hormonal changes, e.g. puberty, menarche and spermache)

Psychological (identity, changes in cognitive functions - frontal lobes not fully mature –> limited impulse control –> engage in risk taking)

Soical (peers, romantic relationships)

Erikson’s development task - Identity vs Role confusion (identity crisis, differentiating oneself from parents/peers relations)

Question 10

Types of timing of major life events

Answer 10

Normative life events (occures to most people):
* On time events: occur at typical or expected point in the lifespan
* Off-time events: non-typical, unexpected point in the lifespan –> can be stressful

Non-normative life events (unusual, unexpected events –> can be stressful) –> e.g. winning a lottery is not stressful

Culture factors can also create stressful life events –> i.e. different culture have differnt expectations for major life milestones

Question 11

What are the psycholical aspects that Health Psych focus on?

Answer 11

• How and why illness develops
• How to stay healthy
• The impact of illness
• Management of illness
• Treatment of illness

–> Health psych is an applied psych

Question 12

Hippocrates’ Humoural Theory, Plato and other Greek philosophers

History of health - Ancient Greece

Answer 12

Hippocrates’ Humoural Theory
* Body contains 4 different humours (fluids) defining good health
* Imbalance in humours leads to ill health, affecting personality

Plato and other Greek philosophers:
* Body and mind considered separate entities; mind doesn’t impact the body

Question 13

History of Health - 2nd Century A.D

Answer 13

Galen: localisation of illness in the body
* Identifying different part of the body or different areas of the body where illness was located
* Believed in the Humoural Theory and mind-body seperation
* Conducted animal autopsies –> recognising diverse illness locations
* Identified different body systems and pathologies that lived in different parts of the body

Question 14

History of Health - Middle Ages

Answer 14

• Church controlled medicine –> illness viewed as punishment for bad behaviour
• Intervention seen as against God’s will –> limited scientific progress

Question 15

History of Health - Renaissance, 18th and 19th century

Answer 15

Renaissance (Descartes’ breakthrough):
* Body viewed as a machine with dissectible parts
* Brain identified as connecting point between mind and body
* Autopsies allowed postmortem understanding of anatomy

18th and 19th century:
* Significant advanced in tech, science, and physiology
* Emergence in detailed understanding of body systems and diseases
* Scientific progress leads to breakthroughs in medical knowledge

Question 16

How does the Illness-Wellness Continuum contrast the Biomedical model?

Answer 16

The Biomedical model suggests that healthy is the absense of disease, whilst the Illness-Wellness Continuum acknowledges that wellness is more than just the absense of disease, highlights the need to have a positive and benficial experience (e.g. education, growth)

Question 17

Why is the biopsychosocial model a dominant understanding of health in psych and medicine?

Answer 17

Acknowledges that development and maintenance of health issues is a fucntion of biological, psychological and social factors

Question 18

What are the subfactors of the factors in the Biopsychosocial model?

Answer 18

Biological (genetics, immune system, endocrine system, neurochemistry)

Psychological (perception, cognition, memory, attitudes, emotions, apprasals, coping styles)

Social (social support, family relationships, culture, socio-economic status)

Question 19

What is stress?

Answer 19

• A type of response, subjective experience
• Physiological and psychological
• Consists of tension, discomfort or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains the ability to cope effectively

Question 20

What are the 3 stress approaches?

Answer 20

Stress as a stimuli:
* Focus on identifying different types of stressful events
* E.g. pregnancy can be joyous yet stressful
* Identifies people who are most susceptible to stress
* E.g. first year students shows a greater resonse to negative life events –> break-ups

Stress as a response:
* Assessing people’s psychological and physical reactions to stressfulcircumstances
* Psychological response (depression, hopelessness, hostility)
* Physiological response: (heart rate, blood pressure, the release of stress hormones - corticosteroids)

Stress as a transaction:
* Subjective experience –> focus on examining the interaction between potentially stressfull life events and how people interpret and cope with negative life events

Question 21

Stress reponse cure/ Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908)

Answer 21

• Essentially a bell curve
• Best to be in middle of the curve –> a little bit of stress is good for performance
• High physical arousal –> weak performance in difficult task, strong performanace in simple task
• Low physical arousal –> weak performance in both difficult and simple tasks

Question 22

What is appraisals and the 2 types of appraisal?

Answer 22

Appraisal: interpretation or evaluation of a situation ( can be subconscious and instatneous)

2 types:
* Primary appraisal (initial decision regarding whether the event is stressful)
* Secondary appraisal (perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event)

Question 23

Challenge vs threat appraisals

Answer 23

Has to do with the ability to cope

Challenge appraisal: inherently thinking you have a greater ability to cope with situation, tend to be positive

Threat appraisal: coping abilites are lower –> events become more threatening and negative

Question 24

Dispositional similarities and situational differences

Answer 24

Dispositional similarities:
* Shared personality traits, values, attitudes, inherent characteristics among individuals
* Stable qualities –> carried acorss differnt situations
* E.g. if 2 ppl have the same traits, they might have the dispositional similarity that could lead to more compatible interactions and relationships

Situational differences:
* External factors (can be temporary and vary widely), context, and environment that can influence how people behaviour or act in specific situations
* E.g. A person might behave differently in a formal business meeting compared to casual social gathering due to the situational differences present in each context

Question 25

Major life events vs hassles

Answer 25

Major life events:
* Less frequent but everyone would experince them at one points in their life (e.g. death of a love one) –> causes extreme stress
* Mearing life events systematically: The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) developed by David Holmes and colleagues

Hassles:
* Stress in daily hassles are strongly linked to health –> predictive of health
* Hassle Scale: measure stress levels of events, ranging from small annoyances to major daily pressures

Question 26

Coping

Answer 26

Processes that are engaged to manage the demands of a stressor –> the stress reponse and the conflict that may come as a result from dealing with the stressor

Can be engaged consiously, uncounsiously, habitually

Question 27

Examples of coping strategies

Answer 27

Reappraisal - actively changing the interpretation

Acceptance

Distraction

Rumination - repetitive, negative thought cycles

Question 28

Why do women ruminate more than men?

Answer 28

Genetic prediposition to negative emotion

Early socialisation –> parents often encourage girls to analyse and talk about their problems, but actively discourage boys from expressing their feelings, and instead encourage them to take action or tough it out

Question 29

4 types of coping styles

Answer 29

Problem focused (focused on the external environment, ie stressor) vs emotion focused (positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanised by behaviours that reduce painful emotions)

Practical/active coping (proactive coping –> towards the behaviour, e.g. reappraisal) vs avoidant coping (take the mind away from the situation, e.g. distraction)

Adaptive (benefical coping behaviours) vs maladaptive coping (non-beneficial coping behaviours) –> no coping behaviours are inherently good or bad –> will depends on the situation

Flexible coping: beneficial, ability to choose the most suitable coping strategies –> based on context

Question 30

Types of control in coping with stress

Answer 30

Behavioural control (problem focused coping): ability to take initative and reduce or prevent impact and recurrence of stressful events

Cognitive control (emotion focused coping): abiliity to think differently about negative emotions that arise in stress-provoking events

Decisional control: ability to choose among alternative courses of action

Informational control: abilityt to acquire info about a stressful event (prior to the stressful event) –> proactive coping

Emotional coping: ability to surpress and express emotions

Question 31

3 stages in Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 31

Alarm reaction

Resistance stage

Exhaustion stage

Question 32

What is the alarm stage of Hans Selye’s GAS about?

Answer 32

Alarm stage:
* Intial stage
* Fight or flight response –> hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol are released –> increase physical arousal
* Ability to cope with stress is initially heightened –. due to physiological and psychological reactions

Question 33

The resistance stage of Hans Selye’s GAS

Answer 33

• Second stage
• Adpats to stressor and finds ways to cope
• Hormone levels stablise –> body attempts to cope by allocating resources to deal with ongoing demands
• Prolonged resistance stage –> wear and tear of body’s resources

Question 34

The exhaustion stage of Hans Selye’s GAS

Answer 34

• Last stage
  *Body’s resources and coping abilities are limited –> stress can damage organs and engender (cause or give rise to) depression and posttraumatic stress disorde

Question 35

Fight or flight vs tend-and-befriend response

Answer 35

Figh or flight –> idk pretty straightforward reposne lol

Tend-and-befriend:
* Reaction that mobilise peopel to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress

Question 36

Why is the tend-and-befriend resposne more common in women than in men?

Answer 36

Women does engage in fight or flight response, however they generally have more to lose if they are injured or killed fighting or fleeing

Through evolution, women have developed the tend and befriend response to boost the chance of their and their offspring’s survival