W3: Dev Psych 2 + Health Psych 1 Flashcards
What are the parenting styles suggested in the 1950s and 1960s?
Child centred/ ‘soft’ parenting style: parents should be highly responsive to children’s needs
Parent-centred/ ‘hard’ parenting style: parents don’t indulge or reinforce children’s calls for attention
Major parenting styles, (3) identified by Baumrind (1971)
Permissive (lenient, not much discipline)
Authoritarian (strict, little affection, disciplines is used)
Authoritative (supportive but set clear and firm limits)
What is the additional parenting style identified by Maccoby and Martin, 1983?
Uninvolved (ignore children, neglect positive and negative behaviours)
How many stages do Erikson’s Developmental Tasks have? The significance of these stages?
Individuals go through 8 stages of psychological development over the course of their life.
Each stage presents a specific psychological cris or challenge they must resolve to progress to the next stage
The stages emphasize the interaction between individual’s psychological needs and the social enviroment
What are the first 2 stages of Erikson’s developmental tasks
Trust vs mistrust (infancy, birth - 1yr):
* Infants learn to trust caregivers –> caregivers unreliable –> mistrust
* Trust learned when the need for comfort and security are consistently met
Autonomy vs shame & doubt (early childhood, 1-3yrs)
* Todlers develop sense of independence and self-control over their actions
* Encouragement & support –> autonomy; overly critical parents –> instill shame & doubt
Erikson’s Developmental Tasks
Preschool and school age stage
Initiative vs guilt (preschool, 3-6yr):
* Begins to assert themselves and initate activities
* Successful resolution –> sense of purpose + ability to initate tasks
* Children’s effort are discouraged, critisized excessively –> development of guilt
Industry vs inferiority (school age, 6-12yrs):
* Success in learning and social interactions –> sense of competence (industry)
* Failure and negative feedback –> feelings of inferiority
Erikson’s Developmental Tasks
Erikson’s adolescene and young adulthood stage
Identity vs role confusion (adolescence, 12-18yrs):
* Explore and develop sense of identity
* Success in this task –> clear sense of self and future goals; confusion & identity crisis –> rol confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation (young adulthood, 18-40yrs):
* Seeking meaningful relationships and intimacy
* Developing intimate relationships –> strong connections and intimacy; fear of committment or rejections –> isolation
Middle adulthood; Late adulthood
What are the last 2 stages in Erikson’s Developmental Taksks?
Generavity vs Stagnation (middle adulthood, 40-65yrs):
* Focus on contributing to well being of future generations (i.e. via parenting, mentoring, etc.)
* Success in this task –> sense of accomplishments + generavity; lack of meaning contribution –> stagnation
Integrity vs Despair (late adulthood, 65+yrs):
* Reflecting on their lives
* Sense of fulfillment + acceptance of life events –> integrity, wisdom, positive outlook on life
* Havouring regrets + sense of hopelessness about past –> despair
What are the key changes in adolescence?
Biological (hormonal changes, e.g. puberty, menarche and spermache)
Psychological (identity, changes in cognitive functions - frontal lobes not fully mature –> limited impulse control –> engage in risk taking)
Soical (peers, romantic relationships)
Erikson’s development task - Identity vs Role confusion (identity crisis, differentiating oneself from parents/peers relations)
Types of timing of major life events
Normative life events (occures to most people):
* On time events: occur at typical or expected point in the lifespan
* Off-time events: non-typical, unexpected point in the lifespan –> can be stressful
Non-normative life events (unusual, unexpected events –> can be stressful) –> e.g. winning a lottery is not stressful
Culture factors can also create stressful life events –> i.e. different culture have differnt expectations for major life milestones
What are the psycholical aspects that Health Psych focus on?
- How and why illness develops
- How to stay healthy
- The impact of illness
- Management of illness
- Treatment of illness
–> Health psych is an applied psych
Hippocrates’ Humoural Theory, Plato and other Greek philosophers
History of health - Ancient Greece
Hippocrates’ Humoural Theory
* Body contains 4 different humours (fluids) defining good health
* Imbalance in humours leads to ill health, affecting personality
Plato and other Greek philosophers:
* Body and mind considered separate entities; mind doesn’t impact the body
History of Health - 2nd Century A.D
Galen: localisation of illness in the body
* Identifying different part of the body or different areas of the body where illness was located
* Believed in the Humoural Theory and mind-body seperation
* Conducted animal autopsies –> recognising diverse illness locations
* Identified different body systems and pathologies that lived in different parts of the body
History of Health - Middle Ages
- Church controlled medicine –> illness viewed as punishment for bad behaviour
- Intervention seen as against God’s will –> limited scientific progress
History of Health - Renaissance, 18th and 19th century
Renaissance (Descartes’ breakthrough):
* Body viewed as a machine with dissectible parts
* Brain identified as connecting point between mind and body
* Autopsies allowed postmortem understanding of anatomy
18th and 19th century:
* Significant advanced in tech, science, and physiology
* Emergence in detailed understanding of body systems and diseases
* Scientific progress leads to breakthroughs in medical knowledge
How does the Illness-Wellness Continuum contrast the Biomedical model?
The Biomedical model suggests that healthy is the absense of disease, whilst the Illness-Wellness Continuum acknowledges that wellness is more than just the absense of disease, highlights the need to have a positive and benficial experience (e.g. education, growth)
Why is the biopsychosocial model a dominant understanding of health in psych and medicine?
Acknowledges that development and maintenance of health issues is a fucntion of biological, psychological and social factors
What are the subfactors of the factors in the Biopsychosocial model?
Biological (genetics, immune system, endocrine system, neurochemistry)
Psychological (perception, cognition, memory, attitudes, emotions, apprasals, coping styles)
Social (social support, family relationships, culture, socio-economic status)
What is stress?
- A type of response, subjective experience
- Physiological and psychological
- Consists of tension, discomfort or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains the ability to cope effectively
What are the 3 stress approaches?
Stress as a stimuli:
* Focus on identifying different types of stressful events
* E.g. pregnancy can be joyous yet stressful
* Identifies people who are most susceptible to stress
* E.g. first year students shows a greater resonse to negative life events –> break-ups
Stress as a response:
* Assessing people’s psychological and physical reactions to stressfulcircumstances
* Psychological response (depression, hopelessness, hostility)
* Physiological response: (heart rate, blood pressure, the release of stress hormones - corticosteroids)
Stress as a transaction:
* Subjective experience –> focus on examining the interaction between potentially stressfull life events and how people interpret and cope with negative life events
Stress reponse cure/ Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908)
- Essentially a bell curve
- Best to be in middle of the curve –> a little bit of stress is good for performance
- High physical arousal –> weak performance in difficult task, strong performanace in simple task
- Low physical arousal –> weak performance in both difficult and simple tasks
What is appraisals and the 2 types of appraisal?
Appraisal: interpretation or evaluation of a situation ( can be subconscious and instatneous)
2 types:
* Primary appraisal (initial decision regarding whether the event is stressful)
* Secondary appraisal (perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event)
Challenge vs threat appraisals
Has to do with the ability to cope
Challenge appraisal: inherently thinking you have a greater ability to cope with situation, tend to be positive
Threat appraisal: coping abilites are lower –> events become more threatening and negative
Dispositional similarities and situational differences
Dispositional similarities:
* Shared personality traits, values, attitudes, inherent characteristics among individuals
* Stable qualities –> carried acorss differnt situations
* E.g. if 2 ppl have the same traits, they might have the dispositional similarity that could lead to more compatible interactions and relationships
Situational differences:
* External factors (can be temporary and vary widely), context, and environment that can influence how people behaviour or act in specific situations
* E.g. A person might behave differently in a formal business meeting compared to casual social gathering due to the situational differences present in each context
Major life events vs hassles
Major life events:
* Less frequent but everyone would experince them at one points in their life (e.g. death of a love one) –> causes extreme stress
* Mearing life events systematically: The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) developed by David Holmes and colleagues
Hassles:
* Stress in daily hassles are strongly linked to health –> predictive of health
* Hassle Scale: measure stress levels of events, ranging from small annoyances to major daily pressures
Coping
Processes that are engaged to manage the demands of a stressor –> the stress reponse and the conflict that may come as a result from dealing with the stressor
Can be engaged consiously, uncounsiously, habitually
Examples of coping strategies
Reappraisal - actively changing the interpretation
Acceptance
Distraction
Rumination - repetitive, negative thought cycles
Why do women ruminate more than men?
Genetic prediposition to negative emotion
Early socialisation –> parents often encourage girls to analyse and talk about their problems, but actively discourage boys from expressing their feelings, and instead encourage them to take action or tough it out
4 types of coping styles
Problem focused (focused on the external environment, ie stressor) vs emotion focused (positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanised by behaviours that reduce painful emotions)
Practical/active coping (proactive coping –> towards the behaviour, e.g. reappraisal) vs avoidant coping (take the mind away from the situation, e.g. distraction)
Adaptive (benefical coping behaviours) vs maladaptive coping (non-beneficial coping behaviours) –> no coping behaviours are inherently good or bad –> will depends on the situation
Flexible coping: beneficial, ability to choose the most suitable coping strategies –> based on context
Types of control in coping with stress
Behavioural control (problem focused coping): ability to take initative and reduce or prevent impact and recurrence of stressful events
Cognitive control (emotion focused coping): abiliity to think differently about negative emotions that arise in stress-provoking events
Decisional control: ability to choose among alternative courses of action
Informational control: abilityt to acquire info about a stressful event (prior to the stressful event) –> proactive coping
Emotional coping: ability to surpress and express emotions
3 stages in Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Alarm reaction
Resistance stage
Exhaustion stage
What is the alarm stage of Hans Selye’s GAS about?
Alarm stage:
* Intial stage
* Fight or flight response –> hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol are released –> increase physical arousal
* Ability to cope with stress is initially heightened –. due to physiological and psychological reactions
The resistance stage of Hans Selye’s GAS
- Second stage
- Adpats to stressor and finds ways to cope
- Hormone levels stablise –> body attempts to cope by allocating resources to deal with ongoing demands
- Prolonged resistance stage –> wear and tear of body’s resources
The exhaustion stage of Hans Selye’s GAS
- Last stage
*Body’s resources and coping abilities are limited –> stress can damage organs and engender (cause or give rise to) depression and posttraumatic stress disorde
Fight or flight vs tend-and-befriend response
Figh or flight –> idk pretty straightforward reposne lol
Tend-and-befriend:
* Reaction that mobilise peopel to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress
Why is the tend-and-befriend resposne more common in women than in men?
Women does engage in fight or flight response, however they generally have more to lose if they are injured or killed fighting or fleeing
Through evolution, women have developed the tend and befriend response to boost the chance of their and their offspring’s survival
