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ECO3B: Managing Conservation > W9: L32 = Spatial Ecology [Open Standards] (Dr. Jolene) > Flashcards

W9: L32 = Spatial Ecology [Open Standards] (Dr. Jolene) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 Types of conservation planning that we’re focusing on?

A
  • Systematic Conservation Planning.
  • Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation.
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2
Q

Mention of some of the Conservation measures Partnerships? (2)

A
  • WWF (World Wide Fund).
  • IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature).
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3
Q

Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation?

A

= a structured, adaptive framework that guides conservation projects through planning, implementation, monitoring, and adjustment to achieve effective, evidence-based outcomes.

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4
Q

Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation broken down? (4)

A
  • Open.
  • Standards.
  • Practice.
  • Conservation.
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5
Q

Open?

A

= conservation standards are open-source and are to be shared, used and adapted as teams see fit for their context.

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6
Q

Standards?

A

= conservation standards describe ideal practices for doing good conservation work.

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7
Q

Practice?

A

= conservation standards focus on how we do conservation.

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8
Q

Conservation?

A

= conservation standards were developed for biodiversity & resource conservation efforts, but now consider the connections between nature & humans.

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9
Q

Steps of the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation? (5)

A
  • Conceptualize.
  • Plan actions & monitoring.
  • Implement actions & monitoring.
  • Analyze, use, adapt.
  • Capture & share learning.
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10
Q

Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation: Step 1 attributes? (4)

A
  • Define planning purpose & project team.
  • Define scope, vision, targets.
  • Identify critical threats.
  • Analyze the conservation situation.
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11
Q

Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation: Step 2 attributes? (3)

A
  • Develop goals, strategies, assumptions & objectives.
  • Develop monitoring plan.
  • Develop operational plan.
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12
Q

Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation: Step 3 attributes? (3)

A
  • Develop work plan & timeline.
  • Develop & refine budget.
  • Implement plans.
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13
Q

Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation: Step 4 attributes? (3)

A
  • Prepare data for analysis.
  • Analyze results.
  • Adapt strategic plan.
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14
Q

Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation: Step 5 attributes? (3)

A
  • Document learning.
  • Share learning.
  • Create learning environment.
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15
Q

Which steps did we focus on?

A

Step 1 & Step 2.

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16
Q

Project scope?

A

= the broad geographic & thematic boundaries of a conservation project that outlines the area, species or ecosystem that a project aims to impact.

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17
Q

Types of Project scope? (2)

A
  • Geographic scope.
  • Thematic scope.
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18
Q

Geographic scope?

A

= focuses on the biodiversity of a specific place (project area).

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19
Q

Thematic scope?

A

= focuses on a specific conservation target (species), threat or strategy regardless of geographic boundary.

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20
Q

Egs of Project scopes? (2)

A
  • Global Tiger initiative.
  • Painted Dog Conservation Organisation.
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21
Q

Project vision statement?

A

= a description of the desired state/ultimate condition that a project is working to achieve.

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22
Q

Criteria of a good vision statement? (3)

A
  • Relatively general.
  • Visionary.
  • Brief.
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23
Q

Relatively general?

A

= broadly defined to encompass all project activities.

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24
Q

Visionary?

A

= inspirational in outlining the desired change in the state of the targets toward which the project is working.

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25
Q

Brief?

A

= simple & succinct so that all project participants can remember it.

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26
Q

Conservation targets?

A

= the species or ecosystems that a project has chosen to concentrate on.

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27
Q

Conservation targets attributes? (3)

A
  • Should represent the whole spectrum of biodiversity at your site.
  • Their conservation will ensure the conservation of all native species within a functional landscape.
  • Doesn’t restore or sustain pristine conditions in the landscape rather ecologically “functional” ones.
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28
Q

Viability assessment of a conservation target?

A

= the measure to which the target is resistant (to change in its structure & composition in the face of external stresses) & resilient (able to recover upon experiencing occasional severe stress).

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29
Q

What questions do Viability assessments help teams answer? (4)

A
  • What key characteristics define a healthy target?
  • How do we physically measure those characteristics (indicators)?
  • How is our target doing now?
  • What do we want to achieve? (ultimate, measurable goals).
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30
Q

Viability assessment steps? (5)

A
  • Define key characteristics (KEAs) of your target.
  • Identify indicator(s) for each KEA.
  • Describe what would constitute “good” status.
  • Define the current status & desired future status for your target.
  • Complete the rating scale for each indicator, using the categories of Very good, Good, Fair or Poor.
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31
Q

Viability assessment Step 1 categories to consider? (3)

A
  • Size.
  • Condition.
  • Landscape context.
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32
Q

Category attributes for the Viability assessment? (2)

A
  • Population-related when dealing with thematic/species.
  • State-related when dealing with geographic/area.
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33
Q

Size attributes? (2)

A
  • Geographic extent (ecosystem/habitat).
  • Abundance & demographics of the population/community (species).
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34
Q

Condition attributes? (3)

A
  • Composition.
  • Structure.
  • Biotic interactions.
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35
Q

Landscape context attributes? (2)

A
  • Landscape-scale ecological processes.
  • Connectivity.
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36
Q

Viability assessment Step 2?

A

Indicator(s) are how you would measure the KEA.

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37
Q

Indicator ratings scale? (4)

A
  • Very Good.
  • Good.
  • Fair.
  • Poor.
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38
Q
A
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39
Q

Very good?

A

= little to no intervention for maintenance.

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40
Q

Good?

A

= some intervention required for maintenance.

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41
Q

Fair?

A

= requires human intervention.

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42
Q

Poor?

A

= restoration is increasingly difficult.

43
Q

Tips for selecting KEAs? (3)

A
  • Characteristics that, if degraded, would seriously jeopardize the target’s ability to persist for 100+ years.
  • Likely to be affected by human activities.
  • Pick few really key characteristics.
44
Q

Tips for selecting Indicators? (3)

A

Look for indicators that:

  • Strongly relate to the status of the KEA.
  • Are efficient & affordable to measure.
  • Can reasonably define what is “Good”.
45
Q

Traits of desirable indicators? (2)

A
  • Might provide an early warning to serious stresses.
  • Might assess 2 or more KEAs.
46
Q
A
47
Q

Direct threat?

A

= human-induced action/event that will directly degrade 1 or more conservation target.

48
Q

Egs of Direct threats? (3)

A
  • Unsustainable logging.
  • Unsustainable harvest (of meat, tusks, etc).
  • Residential development.
49
Q

Criteria at which threats are scored? (3)

A
  • Scope/Extent.
  • Severity.
  • Irreversibility.
50
Q

Stress?

A

= biophysical impact of that action on the target (an impaired KEA of a target).

51
Q

Egs of Stresses? (2)

A
  • Habitat fragmentation.
  • High mortality.
52
Q

Scope/Extent?

A

= the proportion of the target expected to be affected by the threat within 10 years.

53
Q

Severity?

A

= level of damage to the target expected if current trends continue.

54
Q

Irreversibility?

A

= degree to which the target can be restored if the threat is removed.

55
Q

Two types of threats?

A
  • Direct threats.
  • Indirect threats.
56
Q

Indirect threat is AKA?

A

Contributing factor.

56
Q

Indirect threat?

A

= an economic, cultural, societal, or institutional factor that allows direct threats to occur.

57
Q

Egs of Indirect threats? (3)

A
  • Need for income.
  • Lack of knowledge.
  • Low capacity.
58
Q

Situation analysis?

A

= a process that helps your project team create a common understanding of the project’s context, including the biological, environmental, social, economic, political & institutional systems that affect the conservation targets you want to conserve.

59
Q

Situation analysis attribute?

A

Can be an in-depth, formal or informal assessment/description based on the available knowledge of key informants.

60
Q

Conceptual model?

A

= diagram that portrays what is happening within a project.

61
Q

Conceptual model attributes? (2)

A
  • Tool for documenting a situation analysis.
  • Shows the major forces (threats & opportunities) that influence biodiversity & lays out the causal relationships among those forces.
62
Q

Attributes of a Good Conceptual Model? (6)

A
  • Presents a picture of your situation.
  • Shows assumed relationships between factors.
  • Shows major direct threats, indirect threats & opportunities.
  • Presents only relevant factors.
  • Based on sound data & information.
  • Results from a team effort.
63
Q

Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation Step 2: Strategies?

A

= a group of actions with a common focus that work together to reduce threats, capitalise on opportunities & restore natural systems.

64
Q

Strategy attributes? (3)

A
  • Designed to achieve specific objectives & goals.
  • Includes 1 or more activities.
  • Generally developed to influence key intervention points in your conceptual model.
65
Q

Criteria of a good strategy? (4)

A
  • Linked to critical factors.
  • Focused.
  • Feasible.
  • Appropriate.
66
Q

Linked to critical factors?

A

= directly affects one or more critical factors in your conceptual model.

67
Q

Focused?

A

= outlines specific courses of action that need to be carried out.

68
Q

Feasible?

A

= accomplishable in light of the project’s resources & contraints.

69
Q

Appropriate?

A

= acceptable to & fitting within project-specific cultural, social & biological norms.

70
Q

Types of strategies? (2)

A
  • Threat abatement strategy.
  • Restoration strategy.
71
Q

Threat abatement strategy?

A

= focuses on mitigating factors (threats) that are actively degrading the species or ecosystem.

72
Q

Restoration strategy?

A

= focuses on rehabilitating already degraded species/ecosystems.

73
Q

Brainstorming & Prioritising Strategies [Steps/Process]? (6)

A
  • Select a direct threat & target(s) & review contributing factors.
  • Select key intervention points.
  • Brainstorm potential strategies to influence key intervention points.
  • Rate strategies.
  • Select final strategies.
  • Apply criteria for strategies.
74
Q

Questions to keep in mind? (5)

A
  • What is causing this threat to happen?
  • What social, political, economic, cultural & institutional factors are contributing to the threat?
  • Who is involved - directly or indirectly?
  • Why are they doing it?
  • Are there opportunities - factors that could contribute to reducing the threat?
75
Q

Advice for strategy brainstorming? (3)

A
  • Consider the scale at which you are working & whether your strategies should be broader or more specific.
  • Don’t limit yourself to typical strategies, think broadly.
  • Consider what your team will do vs what other organisations/partners will do.
76
Q

Potential impact?

A

= degree to which the strategy, if implemented, will lead to desired changes in the situation at your project site.

76
Q

Strategy ratings? (2)

A
  • Potential impact.
  • Feasibility.
77
Q

Potential impact scales? (4)

A
  • Very high.
  • High.
  • Medium.
  • Low.
78
Q

Potential impact: Very high?

A

= strategy is very likely to completely mitigate a threat/restore a target.

79
Q

Potential impact: High?

A

= strategy is likely to help mitigate a threat/restore a target.

80
Q

Potential impact: Medium?

A

= strategy could possibly help mitigate a threat/restore a target.

81
Q

Potential impact: Low?

A

= strategy will probably not contribute to meaningful threat mitigation or target restoration.

82
Q

Feasibility?

A

= degree to which your project team could implement the strategy within likely time, financial, staffing, ethical & other constraints.

83
Q

Feasibility scales? (4)

A
  • Very high.
  • High.
  • Medium.
  • Low.
84
Q

Feasibility: Very high?

A

= strategy is ethically, technically & financially feasible.

85
Q

Feasibility: High?

A

= strategy is ethically & technically feasible, but may require some additional financial resources.

86
Q

Feasibility: Medium?

A

= strategy is ethically feasible, but either technically or financially difficult without substantial additional resources.

87
Q

Feasibility: Low?

A

= strategy is not ethically, technically or financially feasible.

88
Q

Results chain?

A

= a tool for documenting a team’s “theory of change”, describing how a strategy will lead to conservation success.

89
Q

Results chain attributes? (3)

A
  • Defines how a project team thinks a strategy will contribute to reducing a threat or restoring a target.
  • Focuses on the achievement of results, not the execution of activities.
  • Composed of assumptions that can be tested.
90
Q

Basic components of a Results chain? (4)

A
  • Strategy.
  • Result (objective 1).
  • Result (objective 2) [Direct threat].
  • Impact on target (goal).
91
Q

Result (objective 1)?

A

= contributing factor addressed/opportunity achieved.

92
Q

Result (objective 2) [Direct threat]?

A

= direct threat objective achieved.

93
Q

Impact on target (goal)?

A

= impact on actions achieved/viability mantained.

94
Q

A good results chain attributes? (5)

A
  • Results oriented.
  • Connected in a “causal” manner.
  • Demonstrates change.
  • Relatively complete.
  • Simple.
95
Q

Results oriented?

A

= boxes contain desired results & not activities.

96
Q

Connected in a “causal” manner?

A

= there are clearer connections of “if…then” between each pair of successive boxes.

97
Q

Demonstrates change?

A

= each box describes how you hope the relevant factor will change (eg, improve, increase, decrease).

98
Q

Relatively complete?

A

= there are sufficient boxes to construct logical connections, but not so much that the chain becomes overly complex.

99
Q

Simple?

A

= there is only one result per box.

100
Q

Thing to NOTE about Results chains?

A

Results chains focus on the ACHIEVEMENT of results, NOT the implementation of activities.

101
Q

Key points of Results chain? (5)

A
  • Results oriented, but activities can help the flow.
  • The “if-then” logic must stand up.
  • Make your assumptions & the actor’s incentives explicit.
  • Alternative pathways are okay.
  • Peer review is critical.
102
Q

Rundown of pattern & process? (6)

A
  • Pattern = describing what you see.
  • Process = understanding what has caused that pattern (what you see).
  • In order to understand process, you need to look at the bigger picture (larger scale) AND the details (smaller scale).
  • Because landscape/spacial ecology is immensely integrated, it’s important to consider all things that might contribute to the patterns we observe on the landscape.
  • Look at both spatial & temporal patterns.
  • Egs of processes = fire, photosynthesis, herbivory, etc.

ECO3B: Managing Conservation (34 decks)

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