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ECO3B: Managing Conservation > W2: L6 = Palaeo Ecosystem 4 [ATR] (Prof. Bamford) > Flashcards

W2: L6 = Palaeo Ecosystem 4 [ATR] (Prof. Bamford) Flashcards

1
Q

ATR stands for?

A

Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution

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2
Q

ATR process (how it came about)? (7)

A
  • Terrestrial explosive diversity (100-50Ma).
  • Earth-life system on land was reset.
  • New level of productivity (tall forests).
  • Flowering plant biology
    (flowers have different biology than other plants).
  • Plants, pollinators & herbivores.
  • Improved photosynthetic ability.
  • Modification of habitats.
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3
Q

ATR attributes? (3)

A
  • Fossil evidence.
  • Cretaceous = increase in diversification of angiosperms, other plants & insects.
  • After K-T extinction = increase in diversity of amphibians, mammals, squamates and birds.
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4
Q

Diversity vs Dominance in ATR attributes? (6)

A
  • Angiosperms diversified & spread rapidly.
  • Other plants also diversified.
  • Angiosperms only dominant after the KPME.
  • Beginning of most of the Angio family origins in the Cenozoic.
  • Jurassic-Cretaceous = hot & humid (greenhouse).
  • From hot house to icehouse (climate fluctuates).
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5
Q

Why were angiosperms so successful? (2)

A
  • Reproductive biology.
  • Vegetative biology.
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6
Q

Why were angiosperms so successful in terms of their reproductive biology? (5)

A
  • Modified flowers.
  • Double fertilisation.
  • Reduction to ovule & pollen.
  • Seeds & fruits.
  • Genomic changes.
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7
Q

Angiosperms success via reproductive biology: Modified flowers?

A

Increased pollination efficiency.

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8
Q

Angiosperms success via reproductive biology: Double fertilisation?

A

Economic.

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9
Q

Angiosperms success via reproductive biology: Reduction to ovule & pollen?

A

Protection & efficiency.

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10
Q

Angiosperms success via reproductive biology: Seeds & fruits?

A

Safer germination conditions.

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11
Q

Why were angiosperms so successful in terms of their vegetative biology? (4)

A
  • Xylem with vessels.
  • High vein density.
  • Secondary metabolites.
  • Photosynthetic pathways (C3 to C4 & CAM).
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12
Q

Angiosperms success via vegetative biology: Xylem with vessels?

A

Better conductivity.

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13
Q

Angiosperms success via vegetative biology: High vein density?

A

Improves transpiration & photosynthesis.

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14
Q

Angiosperms success via vegetative biology: Secondary metabolites?

A

Defence.

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15
Q

Angiosperms success via vegetative biology: Photosynthetic pathways?

A

More efficient photosynthesis, more biomass, more herbivory, increased defence mechanisms (eg. latex).

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16
Q

Early Cretaceous Ecosystems attributes? (3)

A
  • Transition to angio-dominated floras.
  • Angios were a very small % of floras.
  • Weedy & herbaceous habitat.
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17
Q

Ecosystem in the mid Lower Cretaceous?

A

Hauterivian-Barremian ecosystem.

18
Q

Explain diagram of Hauterivian-Barremian ecosystem?

A
19
Q

Cretaceous ecosystems attributes (in general)? (3)

A
  • Observe the diversification of angiosperms over time.
  • Angiosperms diversity & squeeze gymnosperms into high altitudes.
  • Angiosperms had to have different traits first to become angiosperms (cladograms).
20
Q

Angiosperm change/evolution over time? (4)

A
  • Increase in diversification of pollen.
  • Diversification of floral anatomy.
  • High density of veins in leaves (increased photosynthetic efficiency).
  • Angiosperm wood changed from tall and thin to short and fat (increased conductivity of water).
21
Q

Pollination attributes? (4)

A
  • Anemophily occurs in the majority of extinct & extant gymnosperms.
  • Insects shift from just feeding, to both, to pollinating (Jurassic to Cretaceous).
  • Insect lineages were present before/at the same time as the angiosperms evolved.
  • Driving forces are unknown.
22
Q

Types of evidence for the insects present? (3)

A
  • Plant record.
  • Insect record.
  • Plant-insect association record.
23
Q

Indicators present in the Plant-insect association record? (5)

A
  • Plant reproductive biology.
  • Plant damage (by insects).
  • Dispersed coprolites.
  • Insect gut contents.
  • Insect mouthparts.
24
Q

Coprolites?

A

= fossilised faeces in wood or flowers.

25
Q

Taphonomy & Preservation?

A

Uneven record of these.

26
Q

Monocots attributes? (3)

A
  • Narrow leaved.
  • Evolved later than other angiosperms.
  • Grasses.
27
Q

Monocots: Grasses attributes? (5)

A
  • Grow in arid environments, so are less likely to be preserved.
  • Pollen first recorded in the Palaeocene-Eocene.
  • Megafossils from Oligocene, Miocene & Pliocene.
  • Developed later in time & are important for large herbivores.
  • Produce same type of pollen grain.
28
Q

Monocots: Grasslands attributes? (2)

A
  • Developed in the Oligocene.
  • Became common in the Pliocene.
29
Q

Grasses attributes (general)? (5)

A
  • Many species & habitats today.
  • Highly modified flower.
  • Wind pollinated.
  • C3 and C4 types.
  • Eocene origin.
30
Q

Grasslands attributes (in general)? (4)

A
  • Vegetation dominated by grasses (biomass).
  • Edaphic, fire & grazing.
  • C4 grasslands Miocene.
  • Southern Africa only late Miocene.
31
Q

Why is C4 better?

A

It’s because it can adapt to hot, dry or both environments.

32
Q

How did ice caps form during this time? (3)

A

1) Opening of the Drake passage then,

2) Circumpolar current then,

3) Ice cap formation.

33
Q

Importance of pollen in terms of the Grasses?

A

It told us whether grasses were more dominant or less dominant during a particular period but don’t tell us whether they were C3 or C4.

34
Q

List of Cenozoic periods of time (oldest to youngest)? (6)

A
  • Palaeocene.
  • Eocene.
  • Oligocene.
  • Miocene.
  • Pliocene.
  • Holocene.
35
Q

Palaeocene event?

A

Recovery & icehouse.

36
Q

Eocene event?

A

Hothouse (major plant families present).

37
Q

Oligocene event?

A

Hothouse to icehouse.

38
Q

Miocene event?

A

Drying out begins (megaherbivores & grasslands).

39
Q

Pliocene event? (3)

A
  • Hominids.
  • Faunal change.
  • Smaller animals.
40
Q

Holocene event?

A

Anthropogenic influence.

ECO3B: Managing Conservation (34 decks)

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