W9: L31 = Spatial Ecology [Landscape Management] (Dr. Jolene)

Question 1

“Let us not be influenced by the weather of the day, but rather the climate of the era” in terms of conserving biodiversity?

Question 2

Biodiversity conservation THEN & NOW overtime? (3)

Answer 2

• THEN, biodiversity conservation was all about nature protection through the management of protected areas.
• “Rio Earth Summit” conference occurred and view on biodiversity conservation shifted.
• AFTER, biodiversity conservation falls within the socio-economic realm (considering people now & not just nature) & enduring persistence of all facets of biodiversity.

Question 3

Biodiversity according to Noss (1990)?

Answer 3

= structure, function & composition of plants and animals at various realms going from the genetic, population, community & landscape.

Question 4

Genetic structure?

Answer 4

= structure & mutation of genome, which then determines the function & composition over time.

Question 5

Population structure?

Answer 5

= does different things & functions in different ways (life stages).

Question 6

Community structure?

Answer 6

=

Question 7

Noss (1990) summary?

Question 8

Aichi Biodiversity Targets (2011-2020)?

Answer 8

= set the scene for the decades of biodiversity.

Question 9

Aichi Biodiversity Targets attributes? (4)

Answer 9

• Mentioned strategies goals A-E.
• 20 targets with strategy goals (available online).
• You will not be expected to regurgitate the strategy goals.
• Take home message.

Question 10

Take home for Aichi Biodiversity Targets?

Answer 10

Aimed to save biodiversity & enhance its benefits.

Question 11

Why didn’t any of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets happen/come to pass? (6)

Answer 11

• Lack of clearly defined metrics to measure progress (target 11 was partially met)
• Countries needed to devise their own National Biodiversity Strategies.
• Goals were not met globally.
• Some targets were met on a national scale.
• Countries that are less developed are more unable to meet the needs/targets.
• Problems arose from measuring, monitoring & reporting finances.

Question 12

Then came…Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) attributes? (6)

Answer 12

• Signed by 190 countries (2022).
• Greater level of detail & measurable targets.
• 4 long term goals (A-D) (2050).
• 23 Targets.
• Greater emphasis on indigenous communities & local knowledge.
• Greater commitment from business sector.

Question 13

KMGBF stands for?

Answer 13

Kumning-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

Question 14

Goal A?

Answer 14

= focused on ensuring that the integrity, connectivity & resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, enhanced or restored, increasing the area of natural ecosystems by 2050 & that genetic diversity is maintained, thus safeguarding adaptive potential of wild & domesticated species.

Question 15

Goal B?

Answer 15

= ensuring that biodiversity, ecosystem functions & services are valued, maintained & enhanced for sustainable development by 2050.

Question 16

Goal C?

Answer 16

= focused on ensuring that genetic resources are shared fairly & equitably with indigenous peoples & local communities, and that traditional knowledge is protected according to agreed access & benefit-sharing instruments.

Question 17

Goal D?

Answer 17

= focuses on implementation of financial resources, capacity-building technical & scientific cooperation that are equitably accessible, especially to developing countries, progressively closing the biodiversity finance gap of 700 billion dollars per year.

Question 18

Target 1 out of 23 (focus on this one)?

Answer 18

= ensure that all areas are under participatory, integrated & biodiversity inclusive spatial planning and/or effective management processes addressing land- & sea-use change, to bring the loss of areas of high biodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological integrity, close to zero by 2030, while respecting the rights of indigenous peoples & local communities.

Question 19

NBA stands for?

Answer 19

National Biodiversity Areas.

Question 20

Conservation landscape in SA: Kindly explain the different conservation landscapes on the maps in relation to rates of habitat loss (Slides 12-16)?

Question 21

What are the key drivers of the rates of habitat loss? (2)

Answer 21

• Expanding croplands.
• Settlement.

Question 22

How do we assess if something is under threat?

Answer 22

By using the types of conservation areas (IUCN categories).

Question 23

IUCN stands for?

Answer 23

International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Question 24

Types of conservation areas? (7)

Answer 24

• Category Ia.
• Category Ib.
• Category II.
• Category III.
• Category IV.
• Category V.
• Category VI.

Question 25

Category Ia?

Answer 25

= strict nature reserve.

Question 26

Category Ib?

Answer 26

= wilderness area.

Question 27

Category II?

Answer 27

= national park.

Question 28

Category III?

Answer 28

= natural monument or feature.

Question 29

Category IV?

Answer 29

= habitat or species management area.

Question 30

Category V?

Answer 30

= protected landscape or seascape.

Question 31

Category VI?

Answer 31

= protected area with sustainable use of natural resources.

Question 32

How do we put land in terms of those conservation areas?

Answer 32

We use different kinds of conservation planning.

Question 33

Kinds of conservation planning? (6)

Answer 33

• Systematic Conservation Planning.
• Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation.
• Evidence-Based Practice.
• Structured Decision Making.
• Strategic Foresight.
• Systemic Review.

Question 34

The Problem?

Answer 34

You have a conservation landscape that experiences external pressures (eg, policies) & internal pressures (eg, mining, farming, etc) & needs to be conserved.

Protected areas & potential areas are then put in place to do so but there is a challenge that arises.

Question 35

What is the challenge?

Answer 35

To reconcile (spatial) needs of other land users (i.e., mining, forestry, local communities & their access to resources) with those of conservation.

Question 36

So how do we approach/solve the challenge? (2)

Answer 36

• Systematic conservation/biodiversity planning.
• Redress the manner in which we approach conservation.

Question 37

PA stands for?

Answer 37

Protected Area.

Question 38

Evolution of Conservation Planning in SA (and worldwide)? (5)

Answer 38

Adhoc approaches
|
Scoring approaches
|
Planning for representation
|
Planning for persistence
|
Planning for implementation

Question 39

Planning for representation?

Answer 39

= involves biodiversity patterns.

Question 40

Planning for persistence?

Answer 40

= involves biodiversity patterns & ecosystem processes.

Question 41

Conservation assessments include? (2)

Answer 41

• Planning for representation.
• Planning for persistence.

Question 42

Conservation planning includes? (1)

Answer 42

Planning for implementation.

Question 43

Planning for representation, persistence & implementation attributes? (4)

Answer 43

• Consider reserve design principles (landscape pattern).
• Provide multiple options to facilitate management & practice in real landscapes (no single best solution).
• Consider biodiversity PROCESSES in addition to species numbers.
• “Enduring” biodiversity conservation with improved links to other land-use stakeholders.