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Human Physiology > W7 Blood & O2 Transport > Flashcards

W7 Blood & O2 Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what gas exchange in the lungs is:

A
  • Gas exchange is when gases like O2 & CO2 use diffusion to move around the body
    E.g. O2 & CO2 moving from our alveoli to our blood stream
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2
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A
  • It is where pressure inversely related to volume
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3
Q

How do gases move across the membrane?

A
  • Diffusion, this occurs down the pressure gradient. NOT concentration gradient
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4
Q

Pressure needs to be higher in the alveoli than in the blood which is called…

A

…a oxygen cascade

- This allows O2 & CO2 to flow in and out of the blood from the alveoli.

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5
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A
  • “Total pressure of a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in a mixture”
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6
Q

How do you calculate partial pressure?

A

Partial pressure = % concentration x total pressure of minute

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7
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A
  • “When a mixture of gas is in contact with a liquid each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to it’s partial pressure & solubility until equilibrium (balance) is achieved & the gas partial pressures are equal in both locations”
  • a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid.
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8
Q

What is Fick’s law of diffusion?

A
  • “The rate of gas transfer is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas & the difference in partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue & inversely proportional to the thickness”
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9
Q

How do you calculate rate of diffusion?

A 
V GAS = A x D x (P1-P2) / T
V GAS = Rate of diffusion
A = Tissue Area 
D = Diffusion coefficient of gas
P1-P2 = Difference in partial pressures 
T = Tissue thickness
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10
Q

Name the four law:

Give a brief summary of each:

A
  1. Boyle’s law
    - Pressure inversely related to volume
  2. Dalton’s law
    - Total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases
  3. Henry’s law
    - The amount of gas dissolved into a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure above the liquid
  4. Fick’s law of diffusion
    - Rate of transfer is proportionate to tissue area
    - V gas = Area x Diff Coeff x (P alveoli - P blood) / Tissue
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11
Q

Blood Vessel Anatomy:

  • How thick are capillary layers?
  • What are capillary networks like in skeletal muscle?
  • Why is there slower blood flow in the capillary beds?
A
  • They are thin as just a single cell thick
  • Skeletal muscle have dense capillary networks (200-300 /mm2) which is a large surface area
  • There’s slower blood flow through capillary beds so that there can be more time for gas exchange to occur.
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12
Q

Give a brief description of how the Oxygen Cascade (transport) works. Starting with O2 arriving in the lungs.

A
  1. O2 enters lungs due to changes in total pressure
  2. Gas passes down the pressure gradient (from high to low)
  3. O2 enters your system for transport to mitochondria/cells etc.
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13
Q

Blood:

What do you need for blood collection?

A
  • Gloves
  • Disinfectant
  • Steril swobs
  • Sample containers
  • Plasters
  • Safety-lancet
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14
Q 
Blood components - Plasma: 
In your plasma what are they following levels meant to be (%)?
1. Water
2. Proteins
3. Other
A
  1. 91.5%
  2. 7%
  3. 1.5%
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15
Q

Blood components:

What are the three components of the blood?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Buffy Coat (just a thin layer)
  3. Red Blood Cells
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16
Q

What does haematocrit mean?

A
  • It is a ratio to the total number of RBC to the volume of blood
17
Q

What are the two oxygen transport methods?

A
  1. Fuse with Haemoglobin (~99%)

2. Dissolve in Plasma (~1%)

18
Q

RBC:

  • RBC’s are small but roughly how many micrometers?
  • What shape are RBCs and how is this beneficial?
A
  • ~8 micrometers

- RBCs are biconcave shaped which increases their surface area which increases rate of diffusion

19
Q

Haemoglobin:

- What are they comprised of?

A
  • 4 iron molecules
  • ## 1 molecule per iron group
20
Q

What does affinity mean?

A

The degree to which a substance combines with another

21
Q

Haemoglobin:

Give me some factors that influence haemoglobin affinity to O2:

A
  1. Acidity
  2. PCO2 or partial pressure of CO2
  3. Temperature
  4. 2, 3 - bisphosphoglyceric acid
    These all decreases haemoglobin affinity
22
Q

Haemoglobin:

  • Acidity levels within the body affect the affinity of haemoglobin. Does it increase or decrease affinity?
  • What about pH?
A
  • Acidity increases affinity

- pH decreases affinity

23
Q

Myoglobin:

  • What is their purpose?
  • Do they have a higher affinity/attraction than haemoglobin?
A
  • They transfer O2 within the skeletal & cardiac muscles

- Yes, they have a high affinity even at low O2 levels.

24
Q

Cytochrome C Oxidase:

  • What is the purpose of Cytochrome C Oxidase?
  • Does it have a higher affinity/attraction than myoglobin?
A
  • It is a electron transfer agent in metabolic pathways

- Yes, they have a higher affinity than myoglobin and haemoglobin

25
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A
  • The Bohr effect relates to the speed at which O2 is absorbed into haemoglobin.
  • The graph used to demonstrate the Bohr effect shows a steady increase in O2 absorption levels which increases/gets steeper as more O2 is absorbed.
  • There can be a shift in this line to either the left or the right depending on if we are exerting or not. As our bodies have adapted to responding to an increase in CO2 levels.
  • E.g. if the lines moves to the right (CO2 increases for exercise maybe) then the O2 isn’t held on to as long by the haemoglobin. Therefore, allowing O2 to get around the body faster
26
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Put simply it is the concentration of gasses

27
Q

Blood Types:

  • How many blood types are there?
  • Name all blood types:
A
  • There are 8 different blood types

- A, O, B, AB, A-, O-, B- & AB-

28
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport:

- Name the three transport methods for CO2:

A
  1. Dissolved CO2 (~7%)
  2. Carbamino Compounds (~25%)
    - Carbamino-haemoglobin
  3. Bicarbonate ions (~70%)
    - In plasma as HCO3
29
Q

What are the effects of training O2 transport:

- Give me some legal advantages of training your O2 transport

A
  • Changes in O2 levels causes the kidneys to release EPO (erythropoietin, EPO regulates RBC production) hormone.
  • Stimulates RBC production
  • Increase RBC mass & thus haemoglobin
  • Increase O2 carry capacity
30
Q

What are the effects of training O2 transport:

- Give me some illegal methods that’ll give you an advantages in your O2 training

A
  • Blood doping
  • Withdraw blood & store in fridge until needed
  • EPO hormone injections (EPO regulates RBC production)
31
Q

What does hyperbaric mean?

A
  • Hyperbaric means gas is at a greater pressure than normal

E.g. you can have a hyperbaric environment which means at altitude.

32
Q

Hyperbaric Environment:

- ‘A reduction in total pressure’ does what to partial pressure of O2?

A
  • A reduction in total pressure decreases partial pressure of O2 because there are less molecules.
33
Q

Anaemia:

  • What is anaemia?
  • What is a side effect of anaemia?
A
  • Anaemia is a condition shown by a deficiency in RBC

- Anaemia reduces iron in the body therefore, reducing O2 carrying capacity

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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