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Human Physiology > W5 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

W5 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the CV system?

A
  • Control blood transport around the body
    (transports O2 nutrients to tissues, removes CO2 from tissues & transport of hormones)
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Support of immune function
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2
Q

What are the four components of the CV system?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Arteries & arterioles
  3. Veins & veinules
  4. Capillaries
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3
Q

Heart Anatomy:

  • The heart has 4 chambers name them.
  • The heart has 4 valves name them.
A
  • It has 2 Atria and 2 Ventricular chambers
  • It has 2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves
    1. Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
    2. Tricuspid valve
  • Also has 2 Semilunar (SL) valve
    1. Aortic valve
    2. Pulmonary valve
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4
Q

Heart Anatomy:

- What is the wall separating the two sides of your heart called?

A
  • The septum
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5
Q

Cardiac Cycle:

  • What happens to the heart during the diastole cardiac stage?
  • What happens to the heart during the Systole cardiac stage?
A

Diastolic stage: Relaxation or Filling phase

Systolic stage: Contraction or Ejection of blood phase

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6
Q

Heart sounds:

  • What is the heart doing when you hear your heart making the “Lub” sound?
  • What is the heart doing when you hear your heart making the “Dub” sound?
A 
"Lub" = closing the AV valves
"Dub" = closing the SL valves
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7
Q

Cardiac Cycle: Pressure change

  • What happens to the pressure in the ventricles during diastole?
  • What happens to the pressure in the ventricles during systole?
A
  • During diastole the pressure in the ventricles is low and it gets filled with blood from atria.
  • During systole the pressure in the ventricles rises and blood is ejected into the pulmonary & systemic system.
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8
Q
  • What are the two electrical nodes of the heart?
A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node

2. Atrioventricular (AV) Node

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9
Q
  • Name the 3 tracts and 1 bundle of the SA node.

- Name the 1 bundle and 1 pathway within the AV node.

A 
SV node:
- Anterior internodal tract
- Middle internodal tract
- Posterior internodal tract
- Bachmann's bundle 
AV node: 
- Bundle branch 
- Conduction pathway
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10
Q

Electrical Activity of the Heart:

- What are the three main recognisable waves of the heart?

A
  1. P wave
    - Atrial depolarisation
  2. QRS complex
    - Ventricular depolarisation
    - Hides atrial re-polarisation
  3. T wave
    - Ventricular depolarisation
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11
Q

There are 6 steps to depolarisation and re-polarisation.

Describe each step.

A
  1. Atrial depolarisation (initiated by SA node) causes the P wave.
  2. Next the impulse is delayed by the AV node.
  3. Ventricular depolarisation begins at apex, causing the QRS complex. Atrial re-polarisation occurs.
  4. Ventricular depolarisation is complete.
  5. Ventricular re-polarisation begins at apex causing the T wave.
  6. Ventricular re-polarisation is complete.
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12
Q
  • What does Stroke Volume (SV) mean?

- How do you calculate the SV?

A
  • Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart on each contraction
  • End diastolic volume - End systolic volume = SV
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13
Q
  • What does ejection fraction (EF) do?
A
  • The proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each beat (%)
    Or
  • How much of the blood that was in the ventricle got pumped out.
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14
Q
  • What does cardiac output (Q or CO) do?
A
  • The total volume of blood flow from the heart per minute (L/min)
  • Requires interaction between heart rate and stroke volume
  • The higher the better
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15
Q
  • What is blood pressure?

- What’s the difference between diastolic and systolic blood pressure?

A
  • The force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during the cardiac cycle (mmHg)
    1. Diastolic Blood Pressure
  • Force exerted during ventricular diastole
  • Lowest pressure within the vascular system
    2. Systolic Blood Pressure
  • Force exerted during ventricular systole
  • Highest pressure within the vascular system
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16
Q

Arterial Pulse Waveform:

- What is the Dicrotic notch?

A
  • It is a secondary upstroke in the descending part of the pulse.
17
Q

What’s the normal blood pressure for Systole and Diastole?

A 
SBP = 120 mmHg
DBP = 80 mmHg
18
Q
  • What is Rate-pressure product (RPP)?
A
  • It is an estimation of myocardial workload and resulting O2 consumption
19
Q

Haemodynamics (the flow of blood within the organs & tissues):

  • What is vasoconstriction?
  • What is vasodilation?
A 
Vasoconstriction = Radius of the arteries decrease, Resistance to flow increases
Vasodilation = Radius of the arteries increases, Resistance to flow decreases
20
Q

What are the determinants of blood pressure?

A
  1. Blood volume
  2. Peripheral resistance
  3. Blood viscosity
  4. Heart rate
  5. Stroke volume
21
Q

Homeostasis:

What are the 5 steps to restore blood pressure?

A
  1. Stimulus (blood pressure rises)
  2. Baroreceptors are stimulated
  3. Increased impulses from baroreceptors stimulate cardioinhabitory centre
    4a. Decreases sympathetic impulses to heart
    4b. Decrease rate of vasomotor impulses allows vasodilation
  4. Decrease CO & R return blood pressure to homeostatic range
  • These 5 steps can all be done but the opposite will happen if blood pressure decreases!
22
Q

Name the 4 Cardiovascular Control Centre Receptors

A
  1. Baroreceptor
  2. Peripheral Chemoreceptors
  3. Mechanoreceptors/Proprioceptors
  4. Metaboreceptors
23
Q

Give a brief description of the Baroreceptors

A
  • Located in the carotid sinus & in the aortic arch. They sense pressure change by responding to change in the tension of the arterial wall.
24
Q

Give a brief description of the Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A
  • Regulates respiratory activity & chemical environment of arterial blood (PO2, PCO2 & pH) within appropriate physiological ranges.
25
Q

Give a brief description of the Mechanoreceptors/Proprioceptors

A
  • Responds to change in muscle length or tension
26
Q

Give a brief description of the Metaboreceptors

A
  • Found in skeletal muscle respond to increased metabolic products & stimulate an increase in blood circulation in response to exercise.
27
Q

The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) & Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) are part of the Autonomic Nervous System.

  • What are the two things they regulate?
  • How do each system do this?
A
  • SNS & PNS regulate blood pressure and blood flow
  • SNS does this via vasoconstriction & blood distribution
  • PNS does this via vasodilation
28
Q

What are the 3 ways of regulating Stroke Volume?

A
  1. End diastolic volume (EDV)
    - The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
  2. Average aortic blood pressure
    - Pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood
  3. Strength of the ventricular contraction
    - Altering the contraction
29
Q

End Diastolic Volume (EDV):

What is the Frank Starling Mechanism?

A
  • This states that as the left ventricles volume increases the stroke volume will increase as well.
30
Q

What happens to blood flow distribution as your body goes from rest to exercise?

A
  • During rest, blood flow distribution it spread out throughout all tissues evenly (mostly)
  • During exercise, blood flow distribution has gone mainly to the muscles however, all the tissues are still getting blood.

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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