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Human Physiology > W4 Respiratory System > Flashcards

W4 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of what the Respiratory System does?

A

Supply oxygen to the bodies tissues and remove carbon dioxide. It also regulates the acid base balance.

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2
Q

Whats the definition of Pulmonary?

A
  • Process of ventilation (the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs)
  • Exchange of CO2 & O2 in the lungs
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3
Q

Give a breakdown of the different functions of the Respiratory System.

  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Transport
  4. Internal Respiration
A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
    - Moving air in and out of the lungs
  2. External Respiration
    - Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
  3. Transport
    - Transport of O2 & CO2 between the lungs & tissue
  4. Internal Respiration
    - Gas exchange between systemic blood vessels & tissues
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4
Q

Lung Anatomy: What do the Alveoli do?

A
  • They are the principal sites of gas exchange in the lungs

- They are the broccoli looking things in your lungs

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5
Q

Alveoli:

Name it’s two Zones and what they do. Finally, list the components of both zones.

A
  1. Conducting Zone
    - Movement of air to Respiratory Zone
    - Warms & filters air
    Components:
    - Trachea
    - Bronchial tree
    - Terminal bronchioles
  2. Respiratory Zone
    - Exchange of gases
    - O2 to diffuse into lung capillaries in exchange for CO2
    Components:
    - Respiratory bronchioles
    - Alveolar ducts
    - Alveolar sacs
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6
Q

What is Pulmonary Ventilation?

A
  • Breathing
  • Inhalation & Exhalation
  • Exchange of air between atmosphere & alveoli
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7
Q

What’s the difference between external respiration and internal respiration?

A

External/Pulmonary respiration
- Is the process of O2 between alveoli and blood
Internal/Cellular respiration
- O2 transports from capillaries to tissue (muscle)

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8
Q

Inhalation:

What is Boyle’s Law?

A 
The pressure within a container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container at a constant temperature.
Or
The pressure in our lungs must be lower than atmospheric pressure
Example: 
Volume is 1 & pressure is 1
Volume becomes 0.5 pressure becomes 2
Volume becomes 2 pressure becomes 0.5
(Increase volume = decreased pressure)
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9
Q

Inhalation: Contraction

During contraction of the lungs what does the diaphragm do?

A 
Diaphragm:
- Flattens as gets contracted
- Lowers chest dome when contracted
External Intercostal muscles:
- Contraction elevates ribs
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10
Q

Inhalation: Rest

During inhalation what will happen to the volume and intrapulmonic pressure of the lungs?

A

Volume: Increases
Intrapulmonic pressure: Decreases
- This is because air flows down the concentration gradient (into your lungs)
- 760 mmHg in atmosphere vs <759 mmHg intrapulmonary pressure (in lungs)

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11
Q

Exhalation: Rest

  • What happens to the pressure in the lungs compared to atmospheric pressure?
  • What happens to your diaphragm & intercostal muscles?
A
  • The pressure in your lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure. Intrapulmonary pressure of > 761 mmHg (bigger than atmospheric)
  • Your diaphragm & intercostal muscles relax.
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12
Q

What causes Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)?

What are the effects of COPD?

A
  • Inflammation (chronic) of the airways, structural changes & collapse of small airways.
  • Exhalation impaired, lung hyperinflation also reduced diaphragm movement.
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13
Q

Measuring ventilation (air moved in and out of lungs):

  • What is Minute ventilation (VE)?
  • What is Tidal volume (VT)?
  • What is Breathing frequency (f)?
  • What is the equation for these three?
A
  • Minute ventilation is the amount of air breathed per minute.
  • Tidal volume is the amount of air per breath.
  • Breathing frequency is the number of breaths.
  • VE = VT x f
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14
Q
  • How can you measure airway resistance?
  • What is the equation for this?
  • What does the resistance of airflow depend on?
A
  • Pressure difference between the mouth & alveoli. Then divide by airflow rate
  • Raw = Patm - Pa / V
    Raw = airway resistance
    Patm = atmospheric pressure
    Pa = alveolar pressure
    V = Volumetric airflow
  • It depends on:
    The diameter
    Tissue resistance (friction)
    If you had COPD this would narrow airways therefore, increase resistance.
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15
Q

How do we breath? (Nervous system)

A
  • Groups of neutrons in the brain stem are the respiratory control centres.
  • Medulla Oblongata & Pons
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16
Q

Pons Respiratory Centres:

- What do pon centres do?

A
  • Influence & modify activity of the medullary centres

- Smooth expiration & inspiration transitions & vice versa.

17
Q

Respiratory Control Centres:

- What are control centres within the medulla oblongata (brain stem)? (Rhythmicity area & Pons)

A 
Rhythmicity Area:
- Ventral group
- Dorsal group
Pons:
- Pneumotaxic area
- Apneustic area
18
Q

What is the Pneumotaxic area?

A
  • It is the superior portion of pons
  • Teams with rhythmicity area to set the rhythm of breathing
  • This prevents the lungs from becoming too full
  • Pneumotaxic area is active breathing and is quicker!
19
Q

What is the Apneustic area?

A
  • Controls the transition between inspiration & expiration
  • Stimulates inspiratory area to prolong inspiration & slows rate of breathing
  • Only occurs when Pneumotaxic area is inactive (Apneustic area is over ridden by Pneumotaxic area)
20
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
  • Only CO2 diffuses across the
  • Elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) or reduced pH stimulates chemoreceptors
  • Results in hyperventilation
21
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A 
Carotid body
- Glossopharyngeal (CN9)
- Sensitive to decrease in partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)
Aortic body
- Vagus (Craneal nerve or CN10)
- Measures changes in blood pressure
22
Q

Respiratory Stretch Receptors:

A
  • Activated via inflation of the lungs

- Inhibitory (preventing) discharge sent to inspiratory area –> expiration begins & lungs deflate

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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