W5_07 Pain (Ballyk) Flashcards

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1
Q

define noxious

A

causing tissue damage

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2
Q

define dysesthesia

A

abnormal unpleasant sensation

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3
Q

define hyperalgesia

A

increased sensitivity to pain

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4
Q

define allodynia

A

pain sensation elicited by a normally non painful stimulus

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5
Q

difference between nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain?

A

nociceptive is normal pain (tissue damage or inflammation);

neuropathic pain is an issue with the reporting system

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6
Q

what are the three types of nociceptors?

A

thermal;
mechanical;
polymodal

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7
Q

thermal nociceptors are which kind of neuron fibre?

A

A delta

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8
Q

mechanical nocicceptors are which kind of neuron fibre?

A

A delta

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9
Q

polymodal nociceptors are which kind of neuron fibre?

A

C

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10
Q

what are the differences between A delta and C fibres?

A

A delta: fast pain, localizable

C: slow pain, diffuse, evoke emotions

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11
Q

what kinds of fibres encode touch?

A

A beta (to DC/ML)

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12
Q

which two mechanisms cause inflammation?

A

axon reflex;

tissue damage

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13
Q

which two molecules are released by nerve fibre collaterals to cause inflammation?

A

CGRP;

Substance P

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14
Q

axon collaterals target which three structures to cause inflammation?

A

mast cells (histamine);
arterioles and capillaries (redness, heat, swelling);
platelets (serotonin or 5-HT release)

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15
Q

histamine does what to nociceptors?

A

activate

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16
Q

prostaglandin does what to nociceptors?

A

sensitize

17
Q

bradykinin does what to nociceptors?

A

activate

18
Q

potassium does what to nociceptors?

A

sensitize

19
Q

leukotriene does what to nociceptors?

A

sensitize

20
Q

serotoninn does what to nociceptors?

A

activate

21
Q

difference between axon reflex and damaged cell “reflex” on nociceptors?

A

axon reflex causes activation and cell reflex causes sensitization

22
Q

difference between 1º and 2º hyperalgesia?

A
1º = region of skin that is damaged;
2º = region of skin around damaged skin
23
Q

how do NSAIDs work?

A

block cyclo-oxygenase (COX);
thus decrease PGE;
thus decrease sensitization;
thus less pain

24
Q

naproxen and indomethacin are examples of what class of drugs?

A

NSAIDs

25
Q

how does referred pain work?

A

afferents from the skin and the viscera synapse on the same 2º spinal neuron in the dorsal horn

26
Q

how does touch inhibit pain?

A

while the A delta and C fibres are causing pain, A beta fibres activate interneurons that then inhibit activation of the 2º neuron in the dorsal horn.

27
Q

what are enkephalins?

A

endogenous opiods released from dorsal horn interneurons

28
Q

how do enkephalinergic interneurons inhibit pain?

A

these will prevent NT release in the 1º afferent nerve terminal and hyperpolarize the postsynaptic 2º neuron. they are activated by the descending periaqueductal grey neurons.

29
Q

what’s the wiring that causes an emotional response to pain?

A

spinal lemniscus neurons also send collaterals to reticular nuclei of the thalamus. the 3º neurons connect to cingulate gyrus (limbic system)

30
Q

diabetic neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, brachial plexus avulsion pain, spinal injury pain are examples of what kind of pain?

A

neuropathic pain (not nociceptive)