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Nutrition > W5 Fat Metabolism > Flashcards

W5 Fat Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are fats?

A
  • Long chains of carbons (various lengths)
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2
Q

How do fats get stored?

A
  • Fats are stored as Triglycerides (TAG)
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3
Q

Looking at the molecular structure of a fat how can you tell if it’s saturated or not?

A
  • By the number of double bonds
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4
Q

What are triglycerides carried around the body by?

A
  • Lipoproteins
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5
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A
  • They are mini organelles that carry fats around the body

- They have water loving (hydrophilic) outside and water hating (hydrophobic) inside

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6
Q

Name the four different types of lipoproteins

A
  1. Chylomicron (ULDL) - Carries TAG
  2. VLDL - Carries TAG
  3. LDL - Carries Cholesterol Esterase
  4. HDL- Carries Cholesterol Esterase
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7
Q

What is the process of storing fats?

A
  1. Chylomicron travels through the blood and docks onto LPL (on the vessel walls)
  2. LPL then breaks the TAG down
  3. Now left over is a chylomicron remnant
  4. The liver breaks down and resynthesises chylomicrons
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8
Q

Catabolic state:

- When you have no chylomicron the liver produces what to supply the muscles with TAG?

A
  • VLDL
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9
Q
  • What does the lipolysis (breakdown of fats via hydrolysis) of TAG form?
A
  • Lipolysis of TAG forms free fatty acids
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10
Q

What is the lipolysis enzyme used for fat regulation:

A
  • HSL (Hormone sensitive lipase) = only one with fat

- Lipase = enzyme hydrolysis’s TAG (FA & glycerol)

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11
Q
  • What is HSL activated by?

- Why do we want to activate HSL?

A
  • Protein kinase

- Because in catabolic situations e.g. exercise

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12
Q
  • What is HSL unactivated by?

- Why do we want to unactivated HSL?

A
  • Phosphatase

- Because we use HSL to store fats & It’ll happen when it’s getting a stimulus to store

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13
Q
  • What is Re-esterification?
  • When exercising you need fatty acids out of your muscle cells. Is it harder to do this will lipolysis or Re-esterification?
A
  • Putting fatty acids & glycerol back together to form triglycerides
  • Re-esterification
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14
Q

Give three different things that help carrier proteins can get transported across a cells membrane:

A
  1. Fatty acid translocate (FAT/CD36)
  2. Fatty acid binding protein (FABP)
  3. Fatty acid transport protein (FATP)
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15
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A
  • It’s between circulation and plasma membrane of muscle cell (sarcoplasm)
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16
Q

Describe the 4 processes in which fats go from the blood stream into the muscle cell:

A
  1. Fatty acids arrive at the Chylomicrons or VLDL
  2. LPL is situated on endothelial cell of capillary
  3. Fatty acids are transported into the cell (down concentration gradient)
  4. This whole thing is a site of regulation
17
Q
  • What is the Carnitine Shuttle?
A
  • Getting fats into the mitochondria or how to move Acyl-coA from sarcoplasm –> mitochondria
18
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have and what are they called?

A
  • Two membranes:
    Outer - permeable to liquids
    Inner - impermeable to liquids
19
Q

What’s the 4 step process on how we get Acetyl-coA/fats into the mitochondria (Carnitine Shuttle)?

A
  1. Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) sits on the outer layer of the membrane
  2. Carnitine attaches to acetyl & coA is removed creating acylcarnitine. Which can then go through the inner membrane with the help of: Carnitine Acetyl Carnitine Translocase (CACT)
  3. CACT helps Acetyl cross the inner membrane
  4. CPT2 removes the carnitine and reattaches the coA

Now Acyl-coA is inside the mitochondria

20
Q

Beta(B)-Oxidation:
After the Carnitine Shuttle the left over acetyl-coA goes through the TCA cycle.
- What enzyme is the rate limiting enzyme in beta-oxidation?
- How many Acetyl-coA’s do you get after putting 16 through the TCA cycle?

A
  • Beta Hydroxy Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (B-HAD) is the rate limiting enzyme.
  • 16 Acetyl-coA’s enter the TCA cycle and go round 7 times to produce 8 new acetyl-coA’s
21
Q

At what point does fat contribute to energy production?

  1. When your glycogen levels are full.
  2. When your glycogen levels are Half full.
  3. When your glycogen levels are depleted.
A
  1. When your glycogen levels are depleted.
22
Q

The concentration of plasma fatty acids will change during prolonged exercise.
Please describe what this change looks like.

A
  • Initially there is a drop in plasma fatty acids

- Then a steady increase in plasma fatty acids

23
Q

Give me two hormone that help increase lipolysis and get fatty acids into the blood stream. Also do they increase or decrease?

A
  • Insulin reduction

- Adrenaline increase

24
Q

Does plasma fatty acid availability increase fatty acid oxidation?
If so why?

A
  • Yes, it does increase fatty acid oxidation
  • Because increasing fatty acids results in greater flux therefore, giving the muscle the opportunity to take in the fat which results in more fat oxidation
25
Q
  • When LDL is greater than HDL is this good?
A

No it is a bad thing

26
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A
  • A disease in your arteries because of fatty material being left on the inner walls
  • These foam cells are larger than macrophages (white blood cell)
  • These cause damage to the cell walls
27
Q

What is Pathogenesis Atherosclerosis?

A
  • A progressive disease that affects CVD (Heart disease)

- This is basically just a build up of plaque inside your arteries

28
Q

What is the single best lipid predictor of CVD (Heart disease)?

A
  • HDL (High density lipoprotein)

Nutrition (11 decks)

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