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2801 > W5: Design 1 > Flashcards

W5: Design 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Today’s class

A

-the idea of design
-how it fits the research process (week 1)
-case report, case series
-cross-sectional studies
-ecological (correlational) studies
In all 3 design sessions specific measures of events and associations, and most pertinent biases will be reviewed

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2
Q

Health Research Process

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3
Q

Health Research Studies

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4
Q

Two types of Population/Clincial Health research
-Descriptive
-Analytic

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5
Q

Goals and Design Decisions

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6
Q

6 components of a study

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  1. Population
  2. Exposure
  3. Outcome
  4. Potential Confounders
  5. Analysis
  6. Communication of Findings
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7
Q

1.Population

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8
Q
  1. Exposure
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9
Q
  1. Outcome
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10
Q
  1. Potential Confounders
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11
Q
  1. Analysis
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11
Q
  1. Analysis
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12
Q
  1. Communication of findings
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13
Q

Hierachy of Evidence

A

There is no good or bad TYPE of design but poorly vs. properly conducted studies

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14
Q

Case Report and Case Series

A

Case report: a report of a helath issue in ONE patient
- a disease, a disorder, or undergoing a procedure
Case series: a report that describes a group of individuals who have the SAME HEALTH ISSUE

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15
Q

Case Report and Case Series
No theory, no research question, goal is not research, only REPORTING
–may..
-The main scientific part: _____ __ ____
–sign..
–Symptom
-Several coding systmes
–ICD
–DSM

A

–may generate ideas for research questions
-The main scientific part: defining the case
-based on a list of the inclusion and xclusion criteria individuals will be classified as a case (diagnosed)
–sign: an objective indication of disease that can be clinically OBSERVED, such as a rash, cough, fever, or elevated blood pressure
–symptom: a subjective indication of illness that is EXPERIENCED by an individual but cannot be directly observed by others
-several coding systems
–international classification diseases (ICD)
–Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

16
Q

Case Report and Case Series
-Where do they occur and how is data usually collected?
-What two ethical issues should be respected?
-How much data analysis is required?
-What type of discussions dominate the report?

A

-Mostly in medical settings but data collection usually with standard QUESTIONNAIRES
-ethical issues should be respected
–privacy
–sometimes a group will be labeled unjustly because of the original case series
-few or no data analysis is required
-clinical discussion dominates the report

17
Q

How to decide on study design?
Types of Analytic studies: Experimental and Observational

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18
Q

Example: Impact of Statins on lowering cholesterol

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19
Q

Cross-sectional (Prevalence) Studies
In this type of study a group of people is examined at ___ POINT IN ___
Prevalence:
-Point prevalence
-Period prevalence

A

Cross-sectional (Prevalence) Studies
In this type of study a group of people is examined at ONE POINT IN TIME
Prevalence: the percentage of members of a population who have a given health issue at the time of a study
-Point prevalence: the proportion of a population with a particular characteristic at one point in time
-Period prevalence: the proportion of a population with a particular characteristic during a defined time period, such as several weeks or several months

20
Q

Point Prevalence of Arthritis in Postmenopausal Women

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21
Q

Period Prevalence of COVID19 in Sept 2022, City A

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22
Q

Prevalence (rate) ratio relative risk in cross-sectional studies

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23
Q

Cross-sectional Studies Example

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24
Q

Results

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25
Q

Your turn, a practice for Relative Risk

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try it and then go back to slide and insert your answer here

25
Q

Your turn, a practice for Relative Risk

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try it and then go back to slide and insert your answer here

26
Q

Misclassification-1

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fill in answer

27
Q

Misclassification-2

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fill in answer

28
Q

Limitations of Cross-sectional studies

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29
Q

Correlational (Ecological) Studies

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  • in these studies the UNIT OF ANALYSIS IS THE GROUP, NOT THE INDIVIDUAL. The group, or ECOLOGICAL UNIT, represents an AGGREGATE of individuals
    Terminology:
    -correlational studies
    -Ecological studies
    -aggregate studies (the same)
30
Q

Example of Correlational Studies: Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, 1990-2016

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The variables in the correlational studies are usually aggregate (grouped) statistics such as the PROPORTION OF A POPULATION with a particular characteristic or the average value of the variable in a population

31
Q

Example #2: Mortality by class of street and house in Manchester,1844 (from the work of F. Engels)

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32
Q

Example 3: Correlational Studies

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33
Q

Results: Scatter Plot

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  • a positive correlation was found
34
Q

Ecological Fallacy

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35
Q

The results of ecological studies should be interpreted with

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2801 (10 decks)

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