w5 Flashcards
Radicalization
Radicalization is a process through which people
become increasingly motivated to use violent means
against members of an out-group or symbolic targets to achieve behavioral change and political goals
the purpose of terrorism is to untimidate a watching popular audience, its ment to hurt not destroy - terrorism could be used as means to polarize society even more
what are Stage theories of radicalization
staircase to terrorism
doosje et al 3 phase theory
Perceived polarization & extremism
Perceived polarization intensifies negative feelings towards out-groups
* Ideological polarization can drive extremity of attitudes
* Social and political trust as possible mediators in the association between perceived polarization and extremism?
Predictors of (extreme) collective action
- injustice - the most importaint one
- identity
- efficacy
are all those who radicalize terrorist
All terrorists have gone through a process of radicalization but not all those who radicalize will become terrorists
define terrorism
terrorism can be defined as a violent act, typically committed by organized groups, aimed at creating fear to achieve political, ideological, or social objectives. terrorism is primarily a group phenomenon, with group membership playing a crucial role in motivating individuals to act violently. The radicalization process that leads to terrorism involves phases where individuals adopt radical beliefs, bond with like-minded groups, and eventually take action, often targeting out-groups or symbolic entities.
what is affective polarization and why is it growing
Affective polarization: divisions among people which are about anger, distrust, resentment, tribal identity, and mutual loathing - specificaly feelings towards members if the out party dropped
explain the staircase to terrorism
Ground floor
- Perceptions of injustice and relative deprivation, most ppl don’t leave this stage
- Relative deprivation theory
- Collective relative deprivation theory
First floor
- Perceived options to fight unfairness
- Illegitimacy of authorities
Second floor
- Displacement of aggression (blaming the other)
- Us vs them thinking
3rd floor
- Moral superiority of own group
- The said superiority is theratennd by other groups
4th floor
- Legitimacy of own group, training/recruiting others
- More us vs them
- Group identity
- Conformity rewarded, non comfority punished
5th floor
- Terrorist act
- citizens are not concidered innocent
- Training to kill
- Taking an oath
- Dehumanization of others
what are the 3 factros that influence the radicalisation process (Doosje)
o At the micro level, individual factors like personal failures, humiliation, or uncertainty can push people towards radical ideologies.
o The meso level involves the influence of close social ties (family, friends) and the appeal of group identity and belonging.
o At the macro level, larger societal factors like globalization and perceived cultural threats play a role in fostering radicalization.
What are the 3 phases of Radicalization Process of Doosje
- Sensitivity Phase: The individual becomes sensitive to radical ideologies, often driven by personal grievances or a quest for significance.
- Group Membership Phase: The individual joins a radical group, forging strong bonds and adopting the group’s norms, often at the expense of old relationships.
- Action Phase: The individual becomes ready to commit violent acts in the name of the group’s ideology
what are some factors of sensitivity phase, group phase and action phase that lead to extremusm
Sensitivity phase
- Uncertainty
- Perceived Injustice
- In-group
Group phase
- Low trust in authorities
- In-group Superiority
- distance to outgroup
- Social Isolation
Action phase
- Approval of Violence by Others
- Own Violent intentions
what are root and trugger factors
Root factors: underlying psychological factors of radicalization
Trigger factors: any observable event outside an individual which can lead to further (de-)radicalization
Root factors and trigger factors can be present at the micro-, mesoand/or macro-level
They can interact, i.e.: perceived injustice is a root factor in a person, a concrete experience with discrimination can then be a trigger factor
for that person leading him/her to radicalize
what predictor of collective action predicts normative or nonnormative action
efficacy, the higher the efficacy so the more someone believes they can achieve a certian goal the more likely normative colective action is
the lover efficacy - nonnormativce action
Lee (2022) makes a distinction between social
trust and political trust. Why is this distinction
important according to Lee?
the distinction between social trust (trust in other people) and political trust (trust in political leaders and institutions) is crucial because they decline in different ways and are influenced by different factors.
Political trust is often eroded by specific events, such as political scandals or economic downturns, whereas social trust reflects broader societal relationships and tends to remain more stable. Understanding this distinction helps explain the broader impacts of perceived polarization on society, as political distrust doesn’t always translate into a complete
Intergroup threat theory
give example
theory that connects threat identity and collective action
- Realistic threat: Threat to material sources, feeling unsafe
- Symbolic threat: A threat to one‘s own culture, values, religious beliefs
▪ Higher levels of perceived threat (realistic & symbolic) results in higher levels of national identification
▪ Higher levels of group identification → greater support for collective action on behalf of the group
▪ In majorities and minorities
