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HEMATOLOGY PPT (3rd year) > W5 > Flashcards

W5 Flashcards

1
Q

A MEASURE OF BLOOD’S CAPACITY TO CARRY OXYGEN

A

HEMOGLOBIN

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2
Q

HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE THAT CONTAINS IRON

A

HEME

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3
Q

RBC – IS CRUCIAL TO ITS FUNCTION,
ALLOWING FOR CLOSE TO MAXIMUM SURFACE- TO –VOLUME RATIO

A

BICONCAVE DISC SHAPE

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4
Q

RBC: AVERAGE - IN VOLUME

A

90FL

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5
Q

RBC: SURFACE AREA

A

140UM

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6
Q

A NORMAL RBC= – DEFORMABILITY

A

INCREASE

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7
Q

RBC IS - TO CATIONS (NA, K, CA)

A

IMPERMEABLE

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8
Q

RBC IS - TO WATER AND HCO3 AND CL

A

PERMEABLE

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9
Q

RBC: LIFESPAN

A

120 DAYS

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10
Q
  • RESPOND TO A LOWER THAN NORMAL OXYGEN
    CONCENTRATION IN THE BLOOD BY RELEASING THE HORMONE
    ERYTHROPOIETIN.
A

KIDNEYS

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11
Q

KIDNEYS RESPOND TO A LOWER THAN NORMAL OXYGEN
CONCENTRATION IN THE BLOOD BY RELEASING THE HORMONE -

A

ERYTHROPOIETIN

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12
Q

ERYTHROPOIETIN TRAVELS TO THE - BONE MARROW AND
STIMULATES AN INCREASE IN THE PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD
CELLS (RBCS).

A

RED BM

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13
Q

DAMAGED OR OLD RBCS ARE DESTROYED PRIMARILY BY THE -

A

SPLEEN

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14
Q

THE BODY STORES IRON IN HGB -%

A

65%

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15
Q
A

FERRITIN AND HEMOSIDERIN

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16
Q
A

TRANSFERRIN

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17
Q

TOO FEW RBCS LEADS TO -

A

TISSUE HYPOXIA

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18
Q

TOO MANY RBCS INCREASES BLOOD -

A

VISCOSITY

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19
Q

−DIRECT STIMULUS FOR ERYTHROPOIESIS
−RELEASED BY THE KIDNEYS IN RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA

A

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)

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20
Q

−REDUCED AVAILABILITY OF O2 (E.G., HIGH ALTITUDES)
−INSUFFICIENT HEMOGLOBIN (E.G., IRON DEFICIENCY)
−HEMORRHAGE OR INCREASED RBC DESTRUCTION
REDUCES RBC NUMBERS

A

HYPOXIA

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21
Q

ALSO ENHANCES EPO PRODUCTION,
RESULTING IN HIGHER RBC COUNTS IN MALES

A

TESTOSTERONE

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22
Q

ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE

Composition:
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

A

Proteins -50%
Lipids - 40%
Carbohydrates - 10%

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23
Q

COMPOSITION OF THE ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE

EXTERNAL SURFACE OF THE RED CELL
ANTIGENS OF THE ABO BLOOD GROUP

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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24
Q

COMPOSITION OF THE ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE

% FREE UNESTERIFIED CHOLESTEROL

A

30

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25
Q

COMPOSITION OF THE ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE

% GLYCERIDES AND FREE FATTY ACIDS

A

10

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26
Q

COMPOSITION OF THE ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE

% PHOSPHOLIPIDS

A

60

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27
Q

MOLECULES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A POLAR
HEAD GROUP ATTACHED TO A NON-POLAR FATTY ACID TAIL

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

28
Q

IS UNESTERIFIED AND LIES BETWEEN THE
TWO LAYERS OF THE LIPID BILAYER.

A

CHOLESTEROL

29
Q

AN IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF MEMBRANE SURFACE AREA AND FLUIDITY

A

CHOLESTEROL

30
Q

INTERACT TO FORM A CYTOSKELETON

A

PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

31
Q

ACTS AS A TOUGH SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK FOR THE LIPID BILAYER

A

CYTOSKELETON

32
Q

FOUR PERIPHERAL PROTEINS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE RED CELL CYTOSKELETON

A
  1. SPECTRIN
  2. ANKYRIN
  3. PROTEIN 4.1
  4. ACTIN

‘SAPA’

33
Q

COMPOSITION OF THE ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE

THESE PENETRATE THE LIPID BILAYER AND ARE FIRMLY ANCHORED WITHIN IT

A

INTEGRAL PROTEINS

34
Q

Cholesterol content of the membrane depends
upon the concentration of plasma cholesterols, bile
acids, and the activity of the enzyme

A

Lecithin:Cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

35
Q

OXIDATION OF THE NORMAL FERROUS STATE TO THE FERRIC STATE RESULTS
IN - WHICH DOES NOT DELIVER OXYGEN

NORMALLY 1% TO 3% OF OXYGEN IS OXIDIZED TO -

A

METHEMOGLOBIN

36
Q

OXIDATION OF SULFHYDRYL GROUPS CAUSES HEMOGLOBIN PRECIPITATION

A

HEINZ BODY FORMATION

37
Q

METABOLISM OF RED BLOOD CELL

Glucose enters the RBC without energy expenditure via the
transmembrane protein GLUT-1

A

Embden Meyerhof Pathway

38
Q

METABOLISM OF RED BLOOD CELL

most common enzyme deficiency

A

PYRUVATE KINASE DEFICIENCY

39
Q

METABOLISM OF RED BLOOD CELL

is involved for reducing ferric
iron into ferrous state

A

Cytochrome B5 reductase / methemoglobin reductase

40
Q

METABOLISM OF RED BLOOD CELL

Generates 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) that decreases hemoglobin affinity to
oxygen

A

Rapoport – Leubering
Pathway

41
Q

Rapoport – Leubering
Pathway

↑2,3DG = ↓Hb affinity to Oxygen

(Shift to the -)

A

Right

42
Q

Rapoport – Leubering
Pathway

↓2,3DPG = ↑ Hb affinity to Oxygen

(Shift to the -)

A

Left

43
Q

METABOLISM OF RED BLOOD CELL

90% glycolysis; anaerobic

A

Embden Meyerhof Pathway

44
Q

METABOLISM OF RED BLOOD CELL

10% GLYCOLYSIS; AEROBIC

A

Hexose
monophosphate
Shunt/ Pentose
Phosphate
pathway

45
Q

extends the functional life span of the RBC

A

Hexose
monophosphate
Shunt

46
Q

METABOLISM OF RED BLOOD CELL

most common inherited enzyme deficiency and is
associated with Heinz bodies

A

G6PD DEFICIENCY

47
Q

METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN ERYTHROCYTE

MAINTAINS CELLULLAR ENERGY BY GENERATING ATP

A

EMBDEN-MEYERHOF PATHWAY

48
Q

METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN ERYTHROCYTE

PREVENTS DENATURATION OF GLOBIN OF THE HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE BY OXIDATION

A

HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT

49
Q

METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN ERYTHROCYTE

PREVENTS OXIDATION OF HEME IRON

A

METHEMOGLOBIN REDUCTASE PATHWAY

50
Q

METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN ERYTHROCYTE

REGULATES OXYGEB AFFINITY OF HEMOGLOBIN

A

LUEBERING-RAPAPORT PATHWAY

51
Q

IS A SPLENIC FUNCTION WHEREIN OLD/AGED/SENESCENT RED
BLOOD CELLS ARE FILTERED AND DESTROYED THROUGH THE PHAGOCYTOSIS
OF SPLENIC MACROPHAGES

A

CULLING

52
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ 90% OF RBC DESTRUCTION
▪ ALSO KNOWN AS THE MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

53
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ ≤10% OF RBC DESTRUCTION

A

INTRAVASCULAR/FRAGMENTATION HEMOLYSIS

54
Q

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

returned or erythroid precursors in the bone marrow or stored
as ferritin or hemosiderin within the macrophages

A

IRON

55
Q

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

broken down and recycled into amino acid pool

A

GLOBIN

56
Q

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

disassembled with its alpha carbon exhaled in the
form of carbon monoxide while biliverdin is converted to bilirubin and
eventually urobilinogen which is then excreted in the feces and urine.

A

PROTOPORPHYRIN

57
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ Happens when complement is not activated or
incompletely activated.

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

58
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ Associated with Rh hemolysis

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

59
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ INCREASED UNCONJUGATED BILIRUBIN

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

60
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ INCREASED URINE AND FECAL UROBILINOGEN

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

61
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ PBS: SPHEROCYTES

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

61
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ PBS: SPHEROCYTES

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

62
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ Hemoglobin disssociates into alpha-beta dimers picked up by the protein carrier haptoglobin and brought to the liver for processing

A

INTRAVASCULAR/FRAGMENTATION HEMOLYSIS

63
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ When haptoglobin is depleted, unbound hemoglobin appears in the
plasma

A

INTRAVASCULAR/FRAGMENTATION HEMOLYSIS

64
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ Free hemoglobin also appears in the urine
▪ Hemoglobin not excreted by the kidney or bound to haptoglobin is
oxidized to methemoglobin

A

INTRAVASCULAR/FRAGMENTATION HEMOLYSIS

65
Q

TYPES OF RBC DESTRUCTION

▪ Happens when complement is completely activated
▪ Associated with ABO hemolysis
▪ Decreased haptoglobin and hemopexin
▪ Hemoglobinemia
▪ Hemoglobinuria

A

INTRAVASCULAR/FRAGMENTATION HEMOLYSIS

HEMATOLOGY PPT (3rd year) (5 decks)

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