W2 Flashcards
RBC: NUCLEUS
ANUCLEATE
RBC: SHAPE
BICONCAVE/DISCOID
RBC CONTAINS REDDISH PROTEIN CALLED
HEMOGLOBIN
RBC: COLOR AND SIZE
SALMON PINK, 7-8MM
RBC: ZONE OF PALLOR
1/3 OF CENTER
LOSS OF OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
DECREASED RBC COUNT
DECREASED RBC HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION
ANEMIA
INCREASED RBC COUNT CAUSING HYPERVISCOCITY
INCREASED RBC COUNT
INCREASED RBC MASS
POLYCTHEMIA
RELIES ON DRABKIN REAGENT
HEMOGLOBIN
WEAK SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM CYANIDE AND POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE
USED FOR MEASUREMENT OF HEMOGLOBIN
DRABKIN REAGENT
RATIO OF THE VOLUME OF PACKED RBCS TO VOLUME OF WHOLE BLOOD
HEMATOCRIT
NORMAL RATIO OF HCT
50%
HCT IS ALSO CALLED
PACKED CELL VOLUME/ PCV
IT IS EXCLUDED FROM HCT DETERMINATION
BUFFY COAT
THIS IS USED TO EVALUATE AND CLASSIFY VARIOUS TYPES OF ANEMIAS ACCORDING TO RBC INDICES
HEMATOCRIT/PCV
THE PERCENTAGE OF RBC IN A VOLUME OF WHOLE BLOOD
HEMATOCRIT
USES RBC COUNT, HGB AND HCT
-MEAN CELL VOLUME/MCV
-MEAN CELL HEMOGLOBIN/MCH
-MEAN CELL HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION/MCHC
RBC INDICES
RBC INDICES
- MCV
- MCH
3.MCHC
4.RDW
MCV IS RECORDED IN WHAT UNIT
FEMTOLITERS (fL)
RBC INDICES THAT REFLECTS THE RBC DIAMETER ON A WRIGHT STAINED BLOOD FILM
MCV
MCHC IS RECORDED IN WHAT UNIT
GRAMS PER DECILITER (g/dL)
RBC INDICES THAT REFLECTS THE RBC STAINING INTENSITY
MCHC
RBC INDICES THAT REFLECTS THE RBCs CENTRAL PALLOR
MCHC
MCH IS RECORDED IN WHAT UNIT
PICOGRAMS (pg)
RBC INDICES THAT EXPRESSES THE MASS OF HEMOGLOBIN PER CELL
MCH
RBC INDICES THAT PARALLELS THE MCHC
MCH
4TH RBC INDEX
RDW
RBC INDICES THAT EXPRESSES THE DEGREE OF VARIATION IN RBC VOLUME
RDW
EXTREME RBC VOLUME VARIABILITY IN DIAMETER
ANISOCYTOSIS
RDW IS BASED ON THE - OF RBC
STANDARD DEVIATION
0.5-2.5% OF RBCS THAT EXCEED THE 7-8 AVE DIAMETER
BLUE GRAY COLOR
POLYCHROMATIC ERYTHROCYTES/ RETICULOCYTES
THESE ARE NEWLY RELEASED FROM THE RBC PRODUCTION SITE
POLYCHROMATIC ERYTHROCYTES/ RETICULOCYTES
INDICATES THE ABILITY OF THE BONE MARROW TO INCREASE RBC PRODUCTION IN ANEMIA CAUSED BY BLOOD LOSS OR EXCESSIVE RBC DESTRUCTION
POLYCHROMATIC ERYTHROCYTES/ RETICULOCYTES
USUALLY FROM BM OR LYMPHOID TISSUE DEDICATED TO PROTECT HOST
NEARLY COLORLESS
LEUKOCYTES
DECREASED WBC COUNT
LEUKOPENIA
INCREASED WBC COUNT
LEUKOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS, SEGMENTED/MULTI-LOBED NUCLEI
NEUTROPHILS
INCREASE IN NEUTROPHILS= BACTERIAL INFECTION
NEUTROPHILIA
DECREASE IN NEUTROPHILS= MEDICATIONS/ VIRAL INFECTIONS
NEUTROPENIA
ROUND WITH BRIGHT ORANGE-RED CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES
EOSINOPHILS
ELEVATED EOSINOPHILS= ALLERGY/PARASITIC INFECTION
EOSINOPHILIA
DARK PURPLE, IRREGULAR CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES THAT OBSCURE THE NUCLEUS
BASOPHILS
WBC WHICH ITS GRANULES CONTAIN HISTAMINES
BASOPHILS
ELEVATED BASOPHILS= HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE
BASOPHILIA
RPUND, SLIGHTLY LARGER THAN RBCS NONGRANULAR CYTOPLASM
LYMPHOCYTES
ELEVATED LYMPHOCYTES=VIRAL INFECTIONS
LYMPHOCYTOSIS
LOW LYMPHOCYTES=DRUG THERAPY/IMMUNODEFICIENCY
LYMPHOCYTOPENIA
IMMATURE MACROPHAGE PASSING THE BLOOD
MONOCYTE
SLIGHTLY LARGER DIAMETER THAN OTHER WBCS
NUCLEUS: INDENTED/FOLDED
MONOCYTE
ELEVATED MONOCYTES=INFECTION/INFLAMMATION
MONOCYTOSIS
INCREASE IN WBC ABOVE THE LIMIT
LEUKOCYTOSIS
DECREASE IN WBC BELOW THE NORMAL LIMIT
LEUKOPENIA
DUE TO
-VIRAL INFECTIONS
-TYPHOID FEVER
-MALARIA
-RAD THERAPY
LEUKOPENIA
2-4MM IN DIAMETER
ROUND/OVAL
ANUCLEATE
PLATELETS
PLATELTS ALSO REFERRED TO AS
CELL FRAGMENTS
TRUE BLOOD CELLS THAT MAINTAIN VESSEL INTEGRITY BY INITIATING VESSEL WALL REPAIRS
PLATELETS/THROMBOCYTES
MAJOR CELLS THAT CONTROL HEMOSTASIS
PLATELETS/THROMBOCYTES
SERIES OF CELLULAR AND PLASMA-BASED MECHANISMS THAT SEAL WOUNDS
HEMOSTASIS
ELEVATED PLATELET COUNT=INFLAMMATION/TRAUMA
THROMBOCYTOSIS
LOW PLATELET COUNT=DRUG TREATMENT-LIFE THREATENING
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
EASY BRUISING AND UNCONTROLLED HEMORRHAGE
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
PROCESS THAT ARE EMPLOYED TO DOCUMENT VALIDITY
QUALITY CONTROL
SYSTEM THAT VERIFIES RELIABILITY OF ANALYTICAL TEST RESULTS
QUALITY CONTROL
INSTITUTION, COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM IN ALL AREAS
TO ENSURE QUALITY
QUALITY SYSTEMS
PRE ANA, ANA, POST ANA VARIABLES
QUALITY ASSURANCE
PROGRAM THAT MONITORS TOTAL TESTING PROCESS
QUALITY ASSURANCE
STANDARD EXPRESSION OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEAN
DATA POINT THAT SEPARATES UPPER HALF FROM LOWER HALF DATA SERIES
MEDIAN
ROBUST EXPRESSION OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEDIAN
DATA POINT THAT APPEARS MOST OFTEN
MODE
NOT A TRUE MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MODE
EXPRESSES THE DEVIATION OF EACH DATA POINT FROM ITS EXPECTED VALUE
VARIANCE
NORMALIZED EXPRESSION OF SD
UNIT EXPRESSION= %
COEFFICIENT OF VARIANCE
CV%
MOST COMMONLY USED MEASURE OF DISPERSION IN LABORATORY MEDICINE
CV%
COMMONLY USED MEASURE OF DISPERSION- SQUARE ROOT OF THE VARIANCE
STANDARD DEVIATION
AN ACTIVITY COMPRISED OF PROCEDURES TO DETERMINE
ACCURACY
SPECIFICITY
PRECISION
LIMITS
LINEARITY
VALIDATION
VALIDATION:
AGREEMENT BETWEEN AN ASSAY VALUE
TRUE VALUE
ACCURACY
VALIDATION:
EASY TO DEFINE BUT DIFFICULT TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN
ACCURACY
VALIDATION:
EXPRESSION OF REPRODUCIBILITY OR DISPERSION
OFTEN EXPRESSED AS SD OR CV%
PRECISION
VALIDATION:
RELATIVELY EASY TO MEASURE AND MAINTAIN
PRECISION
VALIDATION:
ABILITY TO GENERATE RESULTS PROPORTIONAL TO THE CALCULATED CONCENTRATION OR ACTIVTY
LINEARITY
MEASURE OF THE SMALLEST INCREMENT OF THE ANALYTE THAT CAN BE DISTINGUISHED BY THE ASSAY
ANALYTICAL SENSITIVITY
THE ABILITY OF THE ASSAY TO DISTINGUISH THE ANALYTE FROM INTERFERING SUBSTANCES
ANALYTICAL SPECIFICITY
ASSAY CORRECTLY IDENTIFIES A DISEASE OR CONDITION IN THOSE WHO HAVE IT
TRUE POSITIVE
ASSAY INCORRECTLY INDENTIFIES DISEASE OR CONDITION WHEN NONE IS PRESENT
FALSE POSITIVE
ASSAY CORRECTLY EXCLUDES A DISEASE OR CONDITION IN THOSE WITHOUT IT
TRUE NEGATIVE
ASSAY INCORRECTLY EXCLUDES A DISEASE OR CONDITION WHEN IT IS PRESENT
FALSE NEGATIVE
INDV : UNAFFACTED
ASSAY: NEGATIVE
TRUE NEGATIVE
INDV : UNAFFACTED
ASSAY: POSITIVE
FALSE POSITIVE
INDV : AFFACTED
ASSAY: NEGATIVE
FALSE NEGATIVE
INDV : AFFACTED
ASSAY: POSITIVE
TRUE POSITIVE
AMOUNT OF SAMPLE NEEDED:
1ML AND ABOVE
MACRO
AMOUNT OF SAMPLE NEEDED:
0.1-0.9 ML
MICRO
AMOUNT OF SAMPLE NEEDED:
0.01-0.09 ML
ULTRAMICRO
AMOUNT OF SAMPLE NEEDED:
0.001-0.009 ML
NANOLITER
USED IN MICRO,ULTRAMICRO,NANOLITER METHOD
CAPILLARY P.
SKIN P.
PRICK METHOD
MAY CONTAIN TISSUE FLUIDS
SAMPLE IS A MIXTURE OF BLOOD FROM ARTERIOLES, VENULES AND CAPILLARIES
CAPILLARY P.
SKIN P.
PRICK METHOD
CAPILLARY P.
SKIN P.
PRICK METHOD
SITE: LATERAL OR MEDIAL PLANTAR HEEL SURFACE
INFANTS <1YO
CAPILLARY P.
SKIN P.
PRICK METHOD
SITE: RING/GREAT FINGER, HEEL, EARLOBE
CHILDREN
RECOMMENDED SITE FOR ARTERIAL BLOOD
CAPILLARY P.
SKIN P.
PRICK METHOD
EARLOBE
CAPILLARY P.
SKIN P.
PRICK METHOD
SITE: PALMAR SURFACE OF THE RING AND MIDDLE FINGER
ADULTS
PUNCTURE ON THE FINGER SHOULD BE MADE – TO THE FINGERPRINT LINES
PERPENDICULAR
OFTEN PREFFED BLOOD COLLECTION METJOD FOR GERIATRIC PATIENTS
CAPILLARY P.
SKIN P.
PRICK METHOD
HEEL PUNCTURES IN INFANTS SHOULD NOT BE MADE MORE THAN – DEEP
2MM DEEP
ORDER OF DRAW FOR CAPILLARY SPECIMENS
- BLOOD GASES
- EDTA TUBES
- OTHER ADDITIVE MICROTAINERS
- SERUM
BEDS- SA ‘BED’ NA PPRICK
USED IN MACROMETHOD
MOST COMMONLY USED METHOD
VENIPUNCTURE
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD; DARK RED
VENOUS BLOOD
TOURNIQUET MUST BE – INCHES ABOVE THE VENI SITE
3-4 INCHES
TOURNIQUET MUST BE LEFT ON FOR NO LONGER THAN - BEFORE VENI
1MIN
TOURNIQUET
- OVER -
LEFT OVER RIGHT
GAUGE OF NEEDLE IS – PROPORTIONAL TO BORE SIZE
INVERSELY
NEEDLE RANGE FOR DRAWING BLOOD
19-23
GAUGE USED MOST COMMON IN NEEDLE SIZE
21 GAUGE
NEEDLE LENGTH IN VENIPUNCTURE
1.0-1.5INCHES
NEEDLE GAUGE= COLOR
18
PINK
NEEDLE GAUGE= COLOR
19
BROWN/IVORY
NEEDLE GAUGE= COLOR
20
YELLOW
NEEDLE GAUGE= COLOR
21
GREEN
NEEDLE GAUGE= COLOR
22
BLACK
NEEDLE GAUGE= COLOR
23
BLUE/ BLUE-GREEN
ADDITIVES:
HASTENS CLOTTING FACTOR
CLOT ACTIVATORS
ADDITIVES:
PREVENTS BLOOD FROM CLOTTING= ANTICOAGULANTS
- EDTA
- HEPARIN
- CITRATE
CHE- ‘CHE’ AYOKO NGA NANG CLOUT/CLOT
ADDITIVES:
INHIBITS METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE
ANTIGLYCOLYTIC AGENT
NaF
ADDITIVES:
INERT MATERIAL THAT CHANGE IN VISCOSITY
SEPARATOR GEL
STOPPER
ALLOWS BLOOD CLOT IN SERUM
RED=0
STOPPER
CC,IS,BB
RED=0
STOPPER
ALLOWS BLOOD CLOT IN SERUM WITH BARRIER
USED IN CC
GRAY RED=5
STOPPER
BINDS Ca+/ CHELATES CALCIUM
VERSENE
LAVANDER=8
STOPPER
ACCELERATES CLOT FORMATION RESULTING IN SERUM
THROMBIN
ORANGE=8
STOPPER
BINDS Ca+
SODIUM CITRATE
BLUE=3-4
STOPPER
COAG FACTORS
APTT, PT
THROMBIN TIME
BLUE=3-4
STOPPER
INHIBITS GLYCOLYTIC ENZYME= ENOLASE
INTERFERES
NA FLUORIDE/ K OXALATE
GRAY=8
STOPPER
INHIBITS GLYCOLYTIC ENZYME= GLYCERALDEHYDE
WILL NOT INTERFERE
IODACETATE]
GRAY=8
STOPPER
GLUCOSE OGTT/ LACTATE
GRAY=8
STOPPER
INHIBITS THROMBIN
HEPARIN
GREEN=8
STOPPER
BINDS CALCIUM
BUFFERED SODIUM CITRATE
BLACK=3-4
STOPPER
WESTERGREN ESR
BLACK=3-4
SITES OF COLLECTION
ROLLS AND BRUISES EASILY
TOUGHER TO PUNCTURE
CEPHALIC
SITES OF COLLECTION
VEIN TENDS TO ROLL MORE EASILY
BASILIC
SITES OF COLLECTION
WELL ANCHORED, GOOD BLOOD FLOW, BRUISES LESS EASILY
MEDIAN CUBITAL
FEMORAL
WRIST
DORSAL PORTION OF HANDS
METHODS OF VENI
USED FROR BLOOD COLL ONLY
SYRINGE
METHODS OF VENI
USED FOR BLOOD COLL
STORAGE
MULTIPLE DRAWS
VACUTAINER
METHODS OF VENI
COLLECTING SPX FROM CHILDREN
DIFFICULT TO DRAW BLOOD
BUTTERFLY
MOST WIDELT USED SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING VENOUS SAMPLES
EVACUATED BLOOD COLLECTION
LAVANDER
PLASTIC
K2 EDTA
LAVANDER
GLASS
K3 EDTA
PINK
PLASTIC
K2 EDTA
GREEN
HEPARIN
LIGHT BLUE/CLEAR
BUFFERED SODIUM CITRATE
K2 EDTA WITH GEL
WHITE
USES DOUBLE POINTED NEEDLE
VACUTAINER
ORDER OF DRAW: MULTIPLE EVACUATED TUBES (7)
1.YELLOW
2.BLUE
3.RED
4.GREEN
5.LAVANDER
6.WHITE
7.GRAY
‘YOU BETTER REMEMBER GIRLS LOVE WORKING GUYS’
ANGLE USED IN VENIPUNCTURE
15-30DEGREES
COMPLICATIONS: IMMEDIATE LOCAL
PROLONGED TOURNIQUET
HEMOCONCENTRATION
COMPLICATIONS: IMMEDIATE LOCAL
EXCESSIVE PULL OF PLUNGER= COLLAPSE
TRANSFIXATION
FAILURE OF BLOOD TO ENTER
COMPLICATIONS: IMMEDIATE LOCAL
EXTRAVASATIONS
CLOTTED BLOOD
LEAKAGE OF LARGE AMOUNT OF FLUID IN PUNCTURE SITE
HEMATOMA
COMPLICATIONS: IMMEDIATE LOCAL
DISTURBANCES TO BLOOD COLLECTION- BEYOND CONTROL
CIRCULATORY FAILURE
COMPLICATIONS: IMMEDIATE LOCAL
EMOTIONAL ANXIETY
SYNCOPE/FAINTING
COMPLICATIONS: IMMEDIATE LOCAL
MOST COMMON COMPLICATION IN OBTAINING BLOOD
LEAKAGE OF SMALL AMOUNT FLUID
ECCHYMOSIS/BRUISE
COMPLICATIONS
- THROMBOSIS
- THROMBOPHEBITIS
LOCAL DELAYED
LATE LOCAL
COMPLICATIONS
- SERUM HEPATITIS
- AIDS
GENERAL DELAYED
LATE GENERAL
COMPLICATION: LATE LOCAL
PERSISTENCE OF CLOT
SEVERAL VENI AT SAME SITE
THROMBOSIS
COMPLICATION: LATE LOCAL
RESULT OF INFECTION
THROMBOPHLEBITIS
COMPLICATION: LATE GENERAL
TRANSMISSION OF VIRUS BY CONTAMINATED NEEDLES AND SYRINGES
HEPATITIS/AIDS
