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Environmental Science CP > W4 -L2 - Crop Establishment and Seedbed Preparation > Flashcards

W4 -L2 - Crop Establishment and Seedbed Preparation Flashcards

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1
Q

what can vary the yield potential of cereals crops

A

vary across soil types

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2
Q

what will happen when soils have good yield potential

A

Soils with ‘good’ yield potential will produce that yield if management, inputs and climate are optimal

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3
Q

what will happen when soils have poor yield potential

A

Soils with ‘poor’ yield potential will have a limit to yield irrespective of the level of management, inputs and nature of the climate

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4
Q

pH of soils for :

Wheat:
Oats:
Barley:

A

Wheat: 6.0+ is best (problems if <5.4)
Oats: 4.7-6.0 (optimum)
Barley: 6.2-6.5 (problems <6.0)

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5
Q

soil type/ texture for:

Wheat:
Oats:
Barley:

A

Wheat: medium- heavy - good % clay
Oats: medium- heavy - lodging risk
Barley: light-medium - well drained

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6
Q

Objectives of Cultivations (6)

A
  1. germination
  2. facilitate root development
  3. aid drainage
  4. control weeds
  5. bury thrash
  6. control pests
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7
Q

definition of conventional tillage

A

Intensive primary soil inversion to 200 -300mm followed by intensive secondary tillage and subsequent seeding

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8
Q

def of direct drilling

A

seed placement without tillage.

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9
Q

in between conventional tillage and direct drilling

A

A complete range of systems: Deep or shallow reduced tillage, Strip tillage etc.

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10
Q

what is an excellent method of crop establishment

A

plough - till - sow

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11
Q

what the key component of crop establishment

A

good ploughing

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12
Q

describe ploughing

A
  • inversion of the soil (20-25cm depth)
  • loosening of the soil layer
  • consolidation of the ‘new’ surface
  • burying of the previous crop trash
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13
Q

what are the advantages of ploughing (2)

A
  1. Yield security – crop residue / surface thrash is buried so facilitates ease of sowing
  2. Disease control / weed control / (pest control)
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14
Q

what are the disadvantages of ploughing (5)

A
  1. Effect of soil biology – earthworms / beneficial insects
  2. Soil compaction / soil structure damage
  3. Soil erosion – very big problem on fragile topsoils worldwide
  4. High energy (fuel) and time requirements
  5. All of these disadvantages strongly support the search for alternative tillage techniques
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15
Q

what sort of seedbed is vital

A

fine firm and level

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16
Q

describe a fine seed bed

A

Fine
- good soil seed contact
- Residual weed control chemicals (herbicides) are more effective
- too fine : surface capping and reduced emergence

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17
Q

describe a firm seedbed (3)

A

Firm
- Good soil / seed contact
- More even sowing depth
- Better emergence

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18
Q

describe a level seedbed

A

Level
- More even sowing depth
- Uniform emergence

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19
Q

advantages of direct drilling/ No Till (4)

A
  • time and energy saving
  • minimises moisture losses
  • organic matter retention (in top 5cm)
  • reduction of erosion
20
Q

what are the requirements for success for Direct Drilling/ No till

A

in high rainfall areas (Ireland) remove the straw and avoid surface compaction after wet harvests the move was to ‘rotational’ ploughing

21
Q

what is reduced tillage/ Minimum tillage

A

cultivate the top 8-15 cm (+/- 80 mm ) of the soil layer
Non-inversion - soil is ‘mixed’

22
Q

how much (%) is cost reduced using RT/MT

But what is increased?

A

lower costs (40-60%)

increased work rates

23
Q

Advantages of MT/RT (3)

A

soil organic matter (soil carbon)
soil structure
more biological activity

24
Q

what sort of seedbed is important for RT/MT

A

stale seedbed is very important

and also minimum surface compaction

25
Q

what sort of challenges can there with with RT/MT in wet seasons (2)

A

Grass weed issues
crop establishment

26
Q

what are other names for non inversion (4)

A

Min-till
Eco-till
Shallow till
Reduced till

27
Q

what are techniques of eco-tillage/RT/MT (5)

A
  1. Straw Chopping / Removal
  2. Discing (shallow) x 2
  3. Rolling (consolidation)
    - 2-3 weeks - stale seedbed
  4. Glyphosate spraying (3 hours=)
  5. Seed Drilling (disc/wing control)
28
Q

what % of grassweed control is gained with MT/RT compared to ploughing

A

MT/RT: 40-70% of grassweed control

Ploughing: 90% of grassweed control

29
Q

what are the steps of conventional - plough/tillage/sow

A
  • Harvest the cereal (crop)
  • Bale / remove straw or chop /spread straw
  • Plough / cultivate (till/power harrow) / sow
  • one pass system (till+sow)
30
Q

what are the conservation agriculture (eco-tillage/MT/RT)

A
  • Harvest cereal and chop / spread the straw
  • Shallow cultivate with discs / tines to 7.5 cm (5-10cm)
  • Roll or press to produce fine firm ‘stale’ seedbed to encourage weed germination
  • 3 weeks wait
  • Spray the germinated weeds/ volunteer cereals (weeds) with glyphosate (Roundup)
  • Sow with minimum soil disturbance
31
Q

seedbed requirements (4)

A
  1. fine tilth
    - residual herbicide effectiveness
  2. porous above
    - plant comes through easily
  3. good seed:soil contact
  4. fine below - roots and water go down
32
Q

what is the problem with rough seedbeds

A

its not possible to drill seed to uniform depth

33
Q

what is the objective of the seedbed

A

to produce a good tilth

34
Q

what does a seed bed need (5)

A
  1. Soil / water / air ratio
  2. Drainage
  3. Aeration (aerobic/ anaerobic)
  4. Root growth
  5. Soil Temperature
35
Q

what is the preferred time of one pass system

A

autumn

36
Q

one pass systems (4)

A
  • preferred for autumn drilling
  • typically seed only
  • modest workrates
  • slow drill speeds
37
Q

what sort of drills is conventional seed drills

A

usually combine (seed + fertiliser) drills

38
Q

what is the sowing depth and row spacing for seed drilling (drilling speed / seed spacing / depth of sowing)

A

sowing depth is in the range 2-2.5 cm

row spacing is in the range 10-15 cm

39
Q

what was the difference between Min-till v Plough : Teagasc Oakpark 2000-2010 for winter wheat

A

Winter wheat showed little difference in yield when min-till and plough-based systems were compared, though both systems came out on top in different years depending on weather.

40
Q

who was the main researcher for Min-till v Plough : Teagasc Oakpark 2000-2010

A

Dermot Forristal

41
Q

what was the difference between Min-till v Plough : Teagasc Oakpark 2000-2010 for spring barley

A

For spring barley, the information is more limited, so I’d be more cautious about making pronouncements there. We do know that min-till does work well for that crop in certain soils, but research is ongoing

42
Q

when teagasc researcher into the cost savings of min-till what id they conclude

A

that fuel consumption is more than halved, and with machinery costs following this, the overall costs come to approximately 60 percent of the costs of conventional ploughing.

43
Q

due to interactions with weather, what does conventional tillage produce

A

more consistent grain yields and nitrogen use efficiencies

44
Q

what has no effect on grain yield or NUE

A

STRAW RESIDUE MANAGEMENT

45
Q

what had no effect on soil mineral nitrogen content

A

Soil tillage or residue management systems

Environmental Science CP (10 decks)

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