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Environmental Science CP > W3 - Lecture 1 - Cereal Quality/Grain quality > Flashcards

W3 - Lecture 1 - Cereal Quality/Grain quality Flashcards

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1
Q

define quality

A

Quality - the suitability of the crop product for the end purpose for which it is intended

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2
Q

what is producers of grain quality be rewarded/ penalised in line with?

A

is rewarded/ penalised in line with
published criteria

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3
Q

secondary characteristics

A

it is a secondary characteristic; not
quantifiably determined by price but, on account of a poor quality level, may cause the produce to be rejected or the market niche to be lost

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4
Q

General grain quality criteria (4)

A
  1. sweet and sound
  2. acceptable moisture content
  3. absence of impurities
  4. well-filled
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5
Q
  1. sweet and sound (4)
A
  • Grain should be free from objectionable smells and pest infestation;
  • Grain not overheated ( drying method)
  • free from ergot and other injurious material
  • Grain free from animal faeces (rodents)
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6
Q

Key Grain Quality Parameters (5)

A
  1. Moisture Content
  2. Hectolitre weight
  3. Protein Content
  4. Sprouting (Hagberg falling no.)
  5. Screenings
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7
Q

does all or some of the grain quality parameters influence price?

A

Depending on the market some, or all, of the quality parameters can influence price

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8
Q
  1. Moisture Content (4)
A
  • moisture content will determine the capacity to handle and store grain without loss or damage.
  • maximum for safe storage is 16%
  • maximum for intervention is 14.5%
  • maximum for safe threshing is 26%
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9
Q

what is the max moisture content % for safe storage

A

16%

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10
Q

what is the max moisture content % for intervention

A

14.5%

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11
Q

what is the max moisture content % for safe threshing

A

26%

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12
Q

what is one reason why producers may be get penalised

A

Moisture Content too high

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13
Q

Moisture Content - grain drying and weight loss problems ( 2 )

A
  1. actual water loss, as grain is dried from 20% down to 15% = 5.88%
  2. invisible loss, includes dust, respiration etc. and = 11.9%
    total loss is 6.88 to 7.78% (7.3%)
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14
Q

how much is it to dry a Tonne of grain

how much is the cost of the weight loss

A

for a tonne of grain the drying cost is Euro 20- 30

the cost of the weight loss is Euro 20-25

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15
Q

Irish Grain trading standards for
Green Grain – moisture content - Feed Wheat and Feed Barley
(current- 2023-2024)

A

Moisture Content % Euro/Tonne
15.0 +15.00
16.0 +12.00
17.0 +9.00
18.0 +6.00
19.0 +3.00
20.0 Base Price
21.0 -3.00
22.0 -6.00
23.0 -9.00
24.0 -12.00
25.0 -15.00

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16
Q

examples of impurities

A

small grain, dirt, weed seeds

17
Q

screenings:

A

Screenings : Small poorly filled grain

100 grams of grain shaken in a sieve for 2 minutes
2.0 mm sieve for wheat
2.25 mm sieve for barley (malting)

18
Q
  1. Well-filled Grain ()5
A
  • Specific weight indicates, primarily the degree of fill of the grain
  • It is the weight of a given volume of grain, viz. of a 100 litres volume of grain
  • Hectolitre weight in kilograms
  • Determined by specific weight apparatus -
    Hectolitre weight = bushel wt. x 1.25
  • (bushel wt. = kg/hl x 0.8)
19
Q

what is the equation for bushel weight

A

bushel wt. = kg/hl x 0.8

20
Q

what does specific weight indicate

what is specific weight

A

Specific weight indicates, primarily the degree of fill of the grain

It is the weight of a given volume of grain, viz. of a 100 litres volume of grain

21
Q

equation for hectolitre weight

A

Hectolitre weight = bushel wt. x 1.25

22
Q

what are Hectolitre Weights for
- Wheat,
-Barley and
-Oats
- water

A
  • Wheat – higher Hl. Wt. - 75
  • Barley – medium Hl. Wt. – 66
  • Oats - lower Hl Wt. – 50
  • Water = 100 (kg/ Hectolitre)
23
Q

name the 2 Hectolitre weight standards

A
  1. European Union ( Intervention )
  2. Irish Grain Trade
24
Q

Hectolitre weight standards
1. European Union ( Intervention )

A
  • For barley base price is at 64 kg/hl with no bonuses for grain of higher quality
  • For wheat base price is at 76 kg/hl ; from 76 kg/hl to 72 kg/hl a 0.5% reduction in price for each kg.
25
Q

Hectolitre weight standards
2. Irish Grain Trade

A
  • Barley base price is for grain over 63 kg/hl
  • if 61-63 kg/hl no deduction
  • for 58 kg/hl - 3.81 Euro
  • For wheat base price is at 72 kg/hl
    there is a Price deduction for each kg/hl lower
  • e.g.
    69 kg/hl : - 1.27 Euro
    66 kg/hl : - 5.08
    62 kg/hl : - 10.0
    58 kg/hl : - 15.24
    and below 62 kg/hl the price is negotiable
26
Q

what is hectolitre weight influenced by (4)

A

a. Variety
b. size, shape, maturity
c. Grain density
d. Moisture content

27
Q

Hectolitre Weight
* A. Variety effects

A

Variety effects :
- varieties differ in many characteristics (size, shape, etc) as well as moisture retention capacity, surface
smoothness

28
Q

Hectolitre weight
- B. Sixe, shape, maturity

A

B. Size, shape maturity : round grains pack less well than oblong ; therefore more space and lower Hl. wt.
* small grains pack better = Hl. wt. up
* shrivelled grains are less dense = Hl.wt. down
* immature grains are rounder, higher MC = Hl. wt. down

29
Q

do small grains increase or decrease HL Wt

why?

A

increase
- small grains pack better = Hl. wt. up

30
Q

do shrivelled grains increase or decrease HL Wt

why?

A

decrease
- less dense

31
Q

Hectolitre weight
* C. Grain density

A

Grain density : worse in shrivelled grain, the variety differences are small in weight per volume of a single grain

32
Q

hectolitre weight
- Moisture content

A

Moisture content : Hectolitre weight /
density decreases as moisture content increases and changing shape - intergrain air space increases

33
Q

Hectolitre Weights across Different Crops slide 23/24

A
34
Q

Yield and Quality Studies on Wheat

A

Variety - Savannah
-Yield and hectolitre weight is much higher in treated crops

site 1 untreated:
- yield - 4t/ha
- hectolitre weight - 61kg/hl

site 1 treated:
- yield - 9 t/ha
- hectolitre weight - 72kg/hl

35
Q

Hectolitre Weights – Wheat, Barley and Oats

A
  • Wheat – higher Hl. Wt. - 75
  • Barley – medium Hl. Wt. – 66
  • Oats - lower Hl Wt. – 50
36
Q

in which crops is it most important to select varieties which have a higher HI WT characteristics

A

wheat and oats

37
Q

what helps give higher HL WT

A
  • Good crop management with minimum disease levels gives higher Hl Wt
  • Timely Harvesting with avoidance of lodging / sprouting gives high Hl Wt
38
Q

what does higher HI WT mean and what is it linked to

A

Higher Hl Wt means better grain fill and is linked to higher feeding quality

Environmental Science CP (10 decks)

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