w23 cardiovascular pathology Flashcards
LO
To understand the pathogenesis and clinical consequences of atherosclerosis
To learn about myocardial infarction and its management.
to fix w lec notes slide 13,14, 15 16 18 make cards & 23 onwards - lol
rigidity (sclerosis)
and often thickening of blood vessel) is known as
Arteriosclerosis
Whats the diff bw arteriosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis
arteriosclerosis - rigid & thicken. BV
arteriOLOsclerosis - small BVs ; fully thick ; hypertension & diabetes
- kidneys affected
What is medial calcific sclerosis
Medium size arteries
Tunica media involved
No obstruction to blood
flow
Define Atherosclerosis
Chronic inflamm. disorder of intima of L & Medium arteries
characterised by fibrofatty plaque called atheroma
atherosclerosis is a disease of what sized arteries
large and medium
3 Major causes of atherosclerosis are
Major cause of ischemic heart disease, Myocardial infarction, hypertension
modern lifestyle ?
How long does primary atherosclerosis take to produce clinical manifestations?
Duration of dvpmt in decades (longest)
How long does TRANSPLANT atherosclerosis take to produce clinical manifestations?
Narrowing of arteries at the points of engraftment of transplanted organs - Duration of dvpmt in mths –years
How long does Re-stenosis after coronary bypass take to produce clinical manifestations?
(atherosclerosis)
duration of dvpmt in mths - yrs
name the 2 hypothesis for possible causes of atherosclerosis
lipid hypothesis
injury hypothesis
what is the lipid hypothesis for atherosclerosis
potential cause ; Lipid hypo:
- Diabetes
- Familial hyperlipidemia
- Hyperlipedemia due to life style
- Raised LDL in blood
whats injury hypothesis for atherosclerosis
- Hypertension
- Oxidised LDL
- infections e.g .cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses, enteroviruses, hepatitis A and chlamydia pneumoniae
- Smoking
what is familial hypercholesterolemia
Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)is a genetic disease which results in the reduced clearance of atherogenic LDL-cholesterol (“bad cholesterol”) in the blood, and an increased risk of early heart disease.
Ppl w FH - elevated LDL cholesterol levels from birth
children with FH show an increased thickness of arteries compared to their non-FH siblings by age of 11,
showing the process of atherosclerosis development starts early in life.
As a result of their FH, the incidence of fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction without treatment is about 50% by the age of 50 years in men and about 30% by the age of 60 years in women.
Name 4 uncontrollable risk factors of atherosclerosis
Sex (M > F)
Hereditary
Race
Age
Name some controllable RFactors for atherosclerosis
High blood pressure
High blood cholesterol
Smoking
Physical activity
Obesity
Diabetes
Stress and anger
Diet
Who discovered the lipid hypothesis for atherosclerosis
Rudolf Virchow 1856
what does the lipid hypothesis for atherosclerosis propose
- proposes that infiltration of intima with lipid is the primary atherogenic event due to raised blood lipid levels
- Increased cholesterol level is associated with a ________ ___________ of heart diseases
higher incidence of heart diseases
define sources of triglycerides
saturated fat such as dairy products,
animal fat, vegetable oils
name sources of cholesterol
Liver, kidneys, eggs and prawns are higher in dietary cholesterol than other foods.
describe composition of a fatty acid (2 things)
Fatty acid is composed of a hydrocarbon chain with one terminal carboxyl group (COOH).
whats the diff bw unsaturated Facids & saturated FAs
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, whereas saturated fatty acid has no double bond in its hydrocarbon chain.
whats oleic acid (example of smthn not needed)
Oleic acid is an example of a monounsaturated fatty acid. The most common polyunsaturated fatty acids are linoleic and arachidonic. Arachidonic acid (C20) is of particular interest as the precursor of a family of molecules, known as eicosanoids (from Greek eikosi, “twenty”), that includes prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
