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pathology > W21 Respiratory System > Flashcards

W21 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 structures are in the upper respiratory tract :

A

Nasal Cavity , pharynx and larynx

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2
Q

what 3 structures in the LRT

A

Trachea
primary bronchi
lungs

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3
Q

LO

A

influenza and SARS-COV2 infections
Types of Pneumonia
Types of Lung cancer

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4
Q

Influenza (flu ) virus affects what % global pop annually

A

10-20%
every yr 290,000 to 650,000 deaths are assoc. w seasonal influenza

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5
Q

recall symptoms atleast 3 of influenza

A

fever
chills
myalgia
sore throat
headache
fatigue
cold-like symptoms
exhaustion

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6
Q

What are the 4 similarities bw influenza and common cold

A

spread in winter
direct contact or via droplets
child (<5yrs): 5-7 per year
adult 1-2 per yr

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7
Q

explain structure of influenza virus (circle img w rna strands in middle snd receptors outside)

A

8 segments
-ve strain RNA virus (indirectly binds ribosome)

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8
Q

What 3 polymerase basic proteins code for the RNA dpdnt RNAP complex

A

PB2 + PB1 + PA (Polymerase acidic protein) {for all. influenza genome segments they code it}

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9
Q

What is the RNA dependant RNAP complex role

A

resp. for making another copy of RNA

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10
Q

What does the M2 protein channel do and where is it in the influenza virus structure do

A

in envelope of influenza ; proton conducting ch. & maintains pH across envelope during cell entry and viral maturation

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11
Q

How does Type A influenza differ from type B

A

A is animal & human resoirvoirs espc. pigs = pandemics and epidemics
B is humans only but only epidemic
C = not epidemic and only minor infection

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12
Q

Defintion of pandemic

A

infection spread through human pop across large region i.e multi contitents

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13
Q

Define Epidemic

A

rapid inf. spread to large no. in given population within short time i.e 2 weeks or less

i.e meningoccocal infections

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14
Q

Where did swine flu start & in what year

A

USA & Mexico
2009
cant spread by eating pork
H1N1 gene - combo of swine, bird and human influenza vrius

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15
Q

How is swine flu transmitted

A

dervived from strain that lived in pigs
spreads P2P contact or droplets
not swine 2 ppl

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16
Q

How many haemagglutin types (HA) can infect a human out of the 18 INfluenza A has

A

3 HA (H1-H3)

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17
Q

How many neuraminidase (NA) types can humans be infected by out of the 11 NA from IA

A

3 - N1 N2 N8 (INFECT HUMANS ONLY)

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18
Q

Whats haemagglutinin (HA)

A

binds to sialic acid sugars on surfaces of epithelial cells

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19
Q

Whats neuraminidase NA

A

enzyme that enables the virus to be released from host cell

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20
Q

How many NA and HA can infect birds

A

all unlike humans

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21
Q

What resoirvoir is Type C influenza in and what does it do

A

humans only
only minor resp.infection
not epidemic

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22
Q

Name the 3 influenza viruses in the seasonal vaccines

A

A (H3N2)
A(H1N1) - not 2009 pandemic one
Influenza B
give 70-80% protection

23
Q

What influenza types can zanamivir (relenza) treatmt work against

A

A & B
its an NA inhibitor

24
Q

What Influenza types can Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) trmt work against

A

A & B
NA inhibitor

25
Q

How does Amantadine drug trmt work to prevent influenza

A

Inhibitor of viral M2 protein

26
Q

Swine flu pandemic 2009 - 2010 started in what countries

A

US & Mexico

27
Q

how was swine flu transmitted

A

P2P and droplet
BUT NOT swine > person

28
Q

What 2 NA inhibitor drugs were used for swine flu treatment

A

Relenza or tamiflu - antivirals

29
Q

What prevention method was given out to prevent swine flu

A

pandremix vaccine

30
Q

what is swine flu

A

combo of genes from swine, avian (birds) and human influenza virus

31
Q

what type of RNA genome virus was SARS-CoV2

A

+ single stranded RNA virus

32
Q

how did SARS-CoV2 cause viral infection

A

ACE2 - binding to csurface via receptor binding domain (ACE2) of its spike (s) protein

TMPRSS2 - primed virus s protein by cleaving it to trigger viral activation

33
Q

Whats one essential host factor for pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2

A

viral activation of TMPRSS2 by cleave of S protein

34
Q

How can swine flu (H1N1) be detected

A

rtPCR
other tests unable to differentiate bw H1N1 (2009) & regular flu

35
Q

Hows SARS-CoV2 detected

A

by rtPCR - lacks nuclear phase in life cycle and replicated in cytoplasm

36
Q

Describe which and where the variant of SARS-CoV2 was first identified ?

means of how it was spread ?
and severe effects ?

A

Alpha B.1.1.7 ; UK , spread faster than other variants and severe effects = potentially cause more death & sickness

37
Q

What was the characteristics of beta variant of SARS-CoV2 ?

A

identified - SA
spread - may be faster than other variants
Severe effects - current data does not indicate more severe illness or death comparatively

38
Q

slide 9 /45

A
39
Q

what 2 variants of SARS-CoV2 are omicron (SAmerica origin)

A

gamma and delta

40
Q

what 3 tests are used to diagnose coronavirus

A

Lateral flow - detects SARS-CoV2 antigens (activity)
ELISA - detects antibodies (not if active or not)
PCR: detects SARS-CoV2 RNA

41
Q

name some symptoms of LRT diseases

A

cough
yellow sputum - high NpH w myelin in there (+blood present)
wheezing
chest pain
cyanosis
clubbing of fingers

42
Q

acute inflamm. of lung parenchyma is known as what condition ?

A

pneumonia

43
Q

Risk Factors of pneumonia

A

age (kids and elderly)
stroke , multi sclerosis , alzheimers
immunocompromised
alcolism and smokers
cystic fibrosis
congestive cardiac failure
chronic obstructive lung diseases

44
Q

are most cases of pneumonia comm-acquired or hospital ?

A

CAP = 2.4/1000 vs HAQ 1-1.2/1000

45
Q

What common CAP organisms cause pneumonia

A

streptococc. pneumonia
resp viruses
haemophilus influenza
mycoplasma pn.
legionella

46
Q

what morphologies are there for pneumonia

A

bronchopneumonia
lobar and interstitial

47
Q

what opportunstic infections cuase pneumonia

A

cytomegavirus
mycobacterium avium
fngal infections
pneumocytis carinii

48
Q

how is bronchopneumonia diff to lobar pneumonia

A

has patchy consolidation of lesions across lobe

vs lobar on whole thing fully

49
Q

aetiology of pneumonia

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
mycoplasma
chlamydia

50
Q

do slide 14 and 15

A
51
Q

name the 4 pathology stages of lobar pneumonia

A

congestion
red hepatisation
grey hepatisation
resolution

52
Q

do the 4 pathological stages of lobar pneumonia occur if the pneumonia has been treated with antibiotics and nit metastasised

A

no only when untreated

53
Q

slide 14,15 and 17 - 30 to do

A

pathology (6 decks)

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