W21 Respiratory System Flashcards
What 3 structures are in the upper respiratory tract :
Nasal Cavity , pharynx and larynx
what 3 structures in the LRT
Trachea
primary bronchi
lungs
LO
influenza and SARS-COV2 infections
Types of Pneumonia
Types of Lung cancer
Influenza (flu ) virus affects what % global pop annually
10-20%
every yr 290,000 to 650,000 deaths are assoc. w seasonal influenza
recall symptoms atleast 3 of influenza
fever
chills
myalgia
sore throat
headache
fatigue
cold-like symptoms
exhaustion
What are the 4 similarities bw influenza and common cold
spread in winter
direct contact or via droplets
child (<5yrs): 5-7 per year
adult 1-2 per yr
explain structure of influenza virus (circle img w rna strands in middle snd receptors outside)
8 segments
-ve strain RNA virus (indirectly binds ribosome)
What 3 polymerase basic proteins code for the RNA dpdnt RNAP complex
PB2 + PB1 + PA (Polymerase acidic protein) {for all. influenza genome segments they code it}
What is the RNA dependant RNAP complex role
resp. for making another copy of RNA
What does the M2 protein channel do and where is it in the influenza virus structure do
in envelope of influenza ; proton conducting ch. & maintains pH across envelope during cell entry and viral maturation
How does Type A influenza differ from type B
A is animal & human resoirvoirs espc. pigs = pandemics and epidemics
B is humans only but only epidemic
C = not epidemic and only minor infection
Defintion of pandemic
infection spread through human pop across large region i.e multi contitents
Define Epidemic
rapid inf. spread to large no. in given population within short time i.e 2 weeks or less
i.e meningoccocal infections
Where did swine flu start & in what year
USA & Mexico
2009
cant spread by eating pork
H1N1 gene - combo of swine, bird and human influenza vrius
How is swine flu transmitted
dervived from strain that lived in pigs
spreads P2P contact or droplets
not swine 2 ppl
How many haemagglutin types (HA) can infect a human out of the 18 INfluenza A has
3 HA (H1-H3)
How many neuraminidase (NA) types can humans be infected by out of the 11 NA from IA
3 - N1 N2 N8 (INFECT HUMANS ONLY)
Whats haemagglutinin (HA)
binds to sialic acid sugars on surfaces of epithelial cells
Whats neuraminidase NA
enzyme that enables the virus to be released from host cell
How many NA and HA can infect birds
all unlike humans
What resoirvoir is Type C influenza in and what does it do
humans only
only minor resp.infection
not epidemic
Name the 3 influenza viruses in the seasonal vaccines
A (H3N2)
A(H1N1) - not 2009 pandemic one
Influenza B
give 70-80% protection
What influenza types can zanamivir (relenza) treatmt work against
A & B
its an NA inhibitor
What Influenza types can Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) trmt work against
A & B
NA inhibitor
How does Amantadine drug trmt work to prevent influenza
Inhibitor of viral M2 protein
Swine flu pandemic 2009 - 2010 started in what countries
US & Mexico
how was swine flu transmitted
P2P and droplet
BUT NOT swine > person
What 2 NA inhibitor drugs were used for swine flu treatment
Relenza or tamiflu - antivirals
What prevention method was given out to prevent swine flu
pandremix vaccine
what is swine flu
combo of genes from swine, avian (birds) and human influenza virus
what type of RNA genome virus was SARS-CoV2
+ single stranded RNA virus
how did SARS-CoV2 cause viral infection
ACE2 - binding to csurface via receptor binding domain (ACE2) of its spike (s) protein
TMPRSS2 - primed virus s protein by cleaving it to trigger viral activation
Whats one essential host factor for pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2
viral activation of TMPRSS2 by cleave of S protein
How can swine flu (H1N1) be detected
rtPCR
other tests unable to differentiate bw H1N1 (2009) & regular flu
Hows SARS-CoV2 detected
by rtPCR - lacks nuclear phase in life cycle and replicated in cytoplasm
Describe which and where the variant of SARS-CoV2 was first identified ?
means of how it was spread ?
and severe effects ?
Alpha B.1.1.7 ; UK , spread faster than other variants and severe effects = potentially cause more death & sickness
What was the characteristics of beta variant of SARS-CoV2 ?
identified - SA
spread - may be faster than other variants
Severe effects - current data does not indicate more severe illness or death comparatively
slide 9 /45
what 2 variants of SARS-CoV2 are omicron (SAmerica origin)
gamma and delta
what 3 tests are used to diagnose coronavirus
Lateral flow - detects SARS-CoV2 antigens (activity)
ELISA - detects antibodies (not if active or not)
PCR: detects SARS-CoV2 RNA
name some symptoms of LRT diseases
cough
yellow sputum - high NpH w myelin in there (+blood present)
wheezing
chest pain
cyanosis
clubbing of fingers
acute inflamm. of lung parenchyma is known as what condition ?
pneumonia
Risk Factors of pneumonia
age (kids and elderly)
stroke , multi sclerosis , alzheimers
immunocompromised
alcolism and smokers
cystic fibrosis
congestive cardiac failure
chronic obstructive lung diseases
are most cases of pneumonia comm-acquired or hospital ?
CAP = 2.4/1000 vs HAQ 1-1.2/1000
What common CAP organisms cause pneumonia
streptococc. pneumonia
resp viruses
haemophilus influenza
mycoplasma pn.
legionella
what morphologies are there for pneumonia
bronchopneumonia
lobar and interstitial
what opportunstic infections cuase pneumonia
cytomegavirus
mycobacterium avium
fngal infections
pneumocytis carinii
how is bronchopneumonia diff to lobar pneumonia
has patchy consolidation of lesions across lobe
vs lobar on whole thing fully
aetiology of pneumonia
bacteria
viruses
fungi
mycoplasma
chlamydia
do slide 14 and 15
name the 4 pathology stages of lobar pneumonia
congestion
red hepatisation
grey hepatisation
resolution
do the 4 pathological stages of lobar pneumonia occur if the pneumonia has been treated with antibiotics and nit metastasised
no only when untreated
slide 14,15 and 17 - 30 to do
