Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Acute > W2: MC > Flashcards

W2: MC Flashcards

1
Q

Role of the brain in ventilation?

A

Breathing control centres are stimulated by the pons and medulla

Nerve signals can indicate changes in 02 and C02 levels in the blood. This can cause contraction of the heart, diaphragm and rib muscles to correct 02 and C02 in the blood by increasing or decreasing the rate and depth of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Respiration: What is the major role of the lungs?

A

Facilitate gas exchange between the circulatory system and external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Respiration: the ability of the lungs to stretch is called….

A

Compliance (this compliance can be negatively affected by some respiratory conditions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Respiration: the lungs are composed of branching airways that terminate in respiratory….

A

Bronchioles and alveoli (these facilitate gas exchange)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Respiration: Gas exchange occurs where?

A

In the lungs between alveolar air and the blood of the pulmonary capillaries (via diffusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Respiration: the respiratory system is made up of the …… that divides into the ……

A

Trachea divides into left and right bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Respiration: the bronchus further divides into ……

A

Bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Respiration: at the end of bronchioles are …..

A

Alveoli (this is surrounded by an alveolar wall which sits close to pulmonary capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Respiration: the long tissue can also be divided into lobes or zones by …..

A

Fissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

For effective gas exchange to occur, alveoli must be ….. and …..

A

Ventilated & Perfused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does ventilation refer to?

A

The flow of air into and out of the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does perfusion refer to?

A

The flow of blood to alveolar capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alveoli at the ….. of the lung have greater capacity, than the …. of the lung.

A

Base have greater capacity than the apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Collective changes in ventilation and perfusion in the lungs are measured clinically using the ratio of …… to …… (V/Q). Changes in the V/Q ratio can affect gas exchange and can contribute to …….

A

Ventilation to perfusion
Hypoxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Changes to V/Q ratio
- Reduced ventilation
- Reduced perfusion

A
  • Reduced ventilation = blood but no air (shunt)
  • Reduced perfusion = air but no blood (dead space)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In normal respiration, we want there to be adequate oxygen available to match the available …… to pick up this oxygen and transport it through the body. This ratio should be as close to 1 as possible, and in normal respiration our V/Q ration is ……. A shunt occurs when there is an issue with ……. Here there is blood available (perfusion) to pick up fresh oxygen, however it is not being …… Dead space occurs when there is an issue with blood flow or perfusion. Here the lungs is able to deliver fresh ….., but there is ….. blood available to pick up the fresh oxygen

A

Blood
0.8
Ventilation
Delivered
Oxygen
Reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The lungs sit in the …… cavity/space

A

Pleural cavity/space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The visceral pleura cover the ……
The parietal pleura is the …..

A

Lungs
Internal lining of the thoracic cage

ie Lungs - Visceral and then parietal (VP Valley Peak)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pleural fluid is found in the pleural cavity & allows the two layers to….

A

Glide smoothy past one another during respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The pleural fluid helps maintains …… ….. between the lungs and the chest wall- mechanical coupling prevents the two surfaces from …… during respiration (…… recoil of the lungs and …… recoil of the chest wall) allowing the surfaces to slide on one another.

A

Mechanical coupling
Separating
Inward
Outward

21
Q

There can be acute presentations impacting the pleura and pleural space including?

A

Pleuritis
Pleual effusion
Pneumothorax
Tension Pneumothorax

22
Q

Define pleuritis

A

Inflammation of the parietal pleura, mainly due to infection.

23
Q

Define pleural effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, usually as a result of inflammation of the pleura.

24
Q

Define pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space. This can occur spontaneously (spontaneous pneumothorax) or due to trauma and open chest wounds (open pneumothorax).

25
Q

Define tension pneumothorax

A

Overaccumulation of air in the pleural space, usually as a result of a valve mechanism. Here air enters during inspiration, but it does not exit on expiration, causing an increase in pleural pressure.

note: A tension pneumothorax is a more severe and life-threatening condition. It occurs when air enters the pleural space and cannot escape, causing increasing pressure that collapses the lung on the affected side and pushes the mediastinum (the central compartment of the thoracic cavity) toward the opposite side.

26
Q

What is inside the thorax?

A

Thoracic cage & ribs

27
Q

What are the respiration muscles?

A

Diaphragm
Intercostals
Accessory muscles

28
Q

Role of the thoracic cage

A

Protect the heart, lungs and great vessels.

Note: Dimensions of the thorax must change for respiration to occur

29
Q

What are true ribs where do they attach?

A

Ribs 1-7: all attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

30
Q

What are false ribs where do they attach?

A

Ribs 8-10: attach to the sternum by costal cartilage

31
Q

What are floating ribs where do they attach?

A

Ribs 11-12 (have no anterior attachment)

32
Q

Movement of the ribs: explain pump handle movement?

A

Pump handle movement- to increase anterior-poNsterior (AP) diameter of the thorax during inspiration

33
Q

Movement of the ribs: explain bucket handle movement?

A

Bucket handle movement- to increase the lateral diameter of the thorax during inspiration.

34
Q

Diaphragm: large …… shaped muscle innervated by the …… nerve

During contraction the diaphragm ….. and increases the …… diameter of the thorax

A

Dome
Phrenic

Descends
Vertical

35
Q

Intercostals: how many pairs? Where do they pass? How many layers of intercostals & what do they do?

A

11 pairs
Pass between adjacent ribs
3 layers: external, internal & innermost

External - muscles of inspiration
Internal - muscles of expiration
Innermost - deepest and help stabilise the chest wall

36
Q

Accessory muscles: what do they do? What are the accessory muscles?

A

Assist with deep inspiration during respiratory distress.

Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pec major and minor.

37
Q

Normal lung volumes: Tidal volume

A

500ml

38
Q

Normal lung volumes: Vital capacity

A

4L

39
Q

Normal lung volumes: Functional Residual capacity

A

2.5L

40
Q

Normal lung volumes: Residual Volume

A

1L

41
Q

Normal lung volumes: Total lung capacity

A

5L

42
Q

Normal lung volumes: Inspiratory residual volume

A

Maximal inhalation - 2L

43
Q

Normal lung volumes: Inspiratory capacity

A

2-4L

44
Q

Normal lung volumes: Expiratory residual volume

A

Maximum volume that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation ~1L

45
Q

Respiratory diseases are generally classified as….

A

Restrictive or obstructive

46
Q

Define restrictive

A

Restrictive disorders will impact inspiratory measures- people struggle to get air into their lungs

47
Q

Define obstructive

A

Obstructive disorders will impact expiratory measures- people will struggle to get air out of their lungs.

48
Q

What is suppurative lung disease?

A

Signs and symptoms of bronchitis without confirmation on high resolution CT scans. Common for their to be a presence of pus

Acute (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions