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Paediatrics in Exercise Physiology > W2 - Endocrine System & the Impact of Exercise > Flashcards

W2 - Endocrine System & the Impact of Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

List the factors regulating growth + maturation

A

Genotype

Endocrine System

Environment

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones that have the ability to act on a target cell?

A

Circulating hormones

Local hormones

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3
Q

Circulating hormones

A

Use bloodstream

Receptors can be up or down regulated depending on the conc of the hormone

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4
Q

Local hormones

A

Act on neighbouring cells in absence of the bloodstream.

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5
Q

What are the types of local hormone?

A

Paracrine (Near or besides)

Autocrine (self)

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6
Q

Which are quick to activate or inactivate, circulating or local hormones?

A

Local hormones are quicker due to not requiring the bloodstream as transport.

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7
Q

What type of hormone is the GH?

A

Anabolic

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8
Q

Functions of the GH

A

Bind to cell receptor to stimulate cell division

Production of IGF-1

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9
Q

Release of GH

A

Intermittent + pulsatile

Over 24hrs.

Increased amount of ‘bursts’ with age into adolescence.

No apparent sex differences

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10
Q

What influences increase GH secretion

A

Sleep

Fasting/under nourished

Sex steroid hormones

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11
Q

What influences decreased GH secretion

A

Body fatness

Stress causing increase in cortisol

Hyperglycaemia

Inflammatory markers

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12
Q

What are the responses to those that have a GH deficiency?

A

Reduced stature, muscle + bone mass

Augmented adiposity

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13
Q

First process occurring in the H-P-G axis

A

CNS stimulates the hypothalamus to synthesise GHRH + GHIH

Stimulus from the hypothalamus can cause an up regulation in the gonadotropins via the GnRH.

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14
Q

GHRH

a.k.a somatocrinin

A

Stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete GH

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15
Q

GHIH

a.k.a somatostatin

A

Inhibits anterior pituitary from secreting GH.

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16
Q

GnRH

A

Plays a key role in modulating FSH + LH.

  • Both important in maturation
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17
Q

What happens when FSH + LH have been released into the bloodstream to target the gonads?

A

At the gonads…

Responsible for the release of oestrogen or testosterone.

These enter bloodstream to act on other tissues w/ matched receptors i.e bone or muscle to facilitate w/ development

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18
Q

What is the INDIRECT anabolic action of the GH

A

Occurs via IGF-1 (predominantly occurring in the liver).

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19
Q

IGF-1 can be free in the blood but most is bound to what?

A

IGFBP-3 - Anabolic, accounts for 80% IGF binding

IGFBP-2 - Catabolic

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20
Q

How can IGFs operate?

A

Endocrine

Autocrine

or

paracrine hormones

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21
Q

What are IGFs responsible for

A

The indirect anabolic activity of the GH

22
Q

What does IGF-1 do?

A

Promotes cell growth + inhibits cell death.

23
Q

Laron Syndrome

A

High levels of GH

Can’t generate IGF-1

GH insensitivity

24
Q

IGF-1 secretion

A

Mirrors that of GH in childhood + adolescence.

Lack of sex difference before puberty.

Sex differences manifest at pubertal timing.

25
Q

What is a key determinant of growth during infancy, rather than the role of the endocrine system ?

A

Adequacy of nutrition

26
Q

The combined effect of what levels in boys results in greater linear growth of bone and what does this account for?

A

Combined effect of the augmented GH, IGF-1 + testosterone levels in boys results in greater linear growth of bone which account for these particular sex differences.

27
Q

By which axis is the prepubertal growth regulated by?

A

GH-IGF-1 Axis

28
Q

What axis shows minimal sex differences during childhood + adolescence?

A

GH-IGF-1 axis

29
Q

By which axis is pubertal growth regulated by?

A

H-P-G axis.

Results in a rapid linear growth + sexual development characteristics

30
Q

What does the GH response to exercise depend on?

A

Duration + intensity of exercise bout

Fitness level

Timing of blood sampling

Refractoriness of pituitary GH secretion

Environmental factors affecting GH response

31
Q

GH + IGF-1 response to acute exercise

A

Acute exercise is a potent stimuli for altering GH + IGF-1.

In response to exercise, the freely circulating IGF-1 are mobilised + redistributed towards the muscle

32
Q

How can GH response to acute exercise be blunted?

A

If a pre-exercise spike in GH exists.

  • Refractory period (~3 hrs).
33
Q

Define pituitary refractoriness

A

Time in which the normal pituitary gland will not respond sufficiently to exercise stimulation for GH release.

34
Q

What happens to the change in IGF-1 + GH as intensity of exercise changes

A

The higher the intensity, the greater change in IGF-1 + GH.

35
Q

Is the response of IGF-1 + GH to exercise dependent or independent of exercise duration?>

A

Independent

36
Q

Does prolonging the exercise bout change where the peak in the hormone occurs?

A

NO

37
Q

What is the GH response to acute exercise related to?

A

Descriptive characteristics…

  • Age
  • Maturity
  • Weight Status
38
Q

To which exercise are higher levels of GH response associated with?

A

Aerobic exercise

  • Compared to anaerobic
39
Q

Relate maturity to GH levels

A

The more mature an ind is the greater the peak in post-exercise GH levels

– Tells us that the ability of exercise to augment the GH is dependent on age + level of maturation.

40
Q

What should GH blood sampling be timed to?

A

Exercise-induced GH peak

41
Q

What is positively related to anabolic growth markers?

A

Fitness + muscle size

42
Q

What has been shown that short term exercise training (<5 weeks) results in?

A

Initial catabolic phase which is correlated with change in fitness + muscle size.

43
Q

What has been shown that long term exercise training (>5 weeks) result in?

A

Anabolic rebound occurs.

Seems to occur close to the tapering period.

Associated with performance gains.

44
Q

How long should aerobic exercise last for the stimulation of GH secretion?

A

At least 10 mins

45
Q

What blunts the GH response to aerobic exercise?

A

Obesity +/or increased weight status

46
Q

Who has higher GH response after aerobic exercise compared to who….

A

Those in more advances stages of puberty have a higher GH response after aerobic exercise compared to early puberty.

47
Q

What is GH response to 15 mins of aerobic exercise dependent on?

A

Maturity status

Relevant for boys + girls.

48
Q

What did Stokes et al find surrounding anaerobic exercise?

A

That the increase in GH levels was sig greater when resistance was 7% of body mass than 9%.

49
Q

What does intense exercise do to anabolic mediators and inflammatory cytokines?

A

Leads to reductions in anabolic mediators

Profound increases in inflammatory cytokines

= This may explain the development of a paradoxical catabolic state in the initial phases of training programs.

50
Q

Potential negative to acute exercise

A

Might cause markers of GH + IGF-1 to be suppressed alongside markers of inflammatory cytokines i.e IL-6.

Could be detrimental due to elevated levels of these inflammatory markers over a long period of time being associated with detrimental changes in adaptations to tissue + the system.

Paediatrics in Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

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