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w2- anxiety disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

clincal features of anxiety disorders

What are the 4 symptoms of anxiety disorders?

what type of emotional response? affect? time? unxplained by?

A

1) emotional response to FUTURE/anticipated problem - excessive related behavioral disturbances
2) min- 6 months,
3) clinical distress, affect functioning, impairment
4) unexplained by other med condition/substance/MD

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2
Q

clincal features of anxiety disorders

fear vs worry vs anxiety

hint: time? component? similarities?

A

fear - negative emotional reaction to REAL percieved PRESENT danger, arousal

anxiety - negative emotional reaction to ANTICIPATED/FUTURE danger, high arousal

worry - cognitive component of anxiety, more in GAD, self talk/thoughts to avoid feelings

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3
Q

prevalence

How common is anxiety? %

A

20%

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4
Q

What are effects of anxiety to the society?

A

accident, risks of conditions, medical costs, suicidal ideation, unemployment, marital failures

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5
Q

prevalence:

What disorder does 60% of people with anxiety also have?

A

major depressive disorder

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6
Q

prevalence:

What gender has more anxiety? What 4 reasons explain why?

A

women 18%
1) more likely to report
2) more life events
3) more biologically reactive to stress
4) gender role in society (men social pressures less reports, stigma)

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7
Q

prevalence:

How does culture influence anxiety? What are atttudes towards it?

A

stress levels, psych disorderfs, family relationships, expressions of symptoms differ!!

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8
Q

risk factors

Name 3 biological risk factors of anxiety disorders

A

1) genes - heritability (20-40%)
2) brain regions - amygdala highly active, medial PFC (regulator) inhibited/deficienct
3) dec GABA, Serotinin, inc Norepinephrine

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9
Q

Which 2 NT is less found in anxious individuals?

** think: anxious people have happy hormones/NT

A

GABA
serotonin

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10
Q

Which 1 NT is found more in anxious individuals?

** think anxious hormones/NT

A

norepinephrine

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11
Q

How many % is panic disorder heritable?

A

50%

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12
Q

risk factors

Name 1 behavioral and 2 personality based risk factor for anxiety

A

1) behavioral 2 factor mdoel (fear response) in conditioning
2) personality - beahvioral inhibition
3) personality- neuroticism

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13
Q

risk factors

Name the 5 sub points of cognitive based risk factors for anxiety

hint: NUPPA

A

1) NEGATIVE beliefs about future- fears likely to happen
2) Uncertainty intolerance - unfamilairity env, stimulus
3) Percieved lack of control
4) Perfectionism
5) Attention to threat cues

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14
Q

disorder #1 phobia

What could be factors in which phobias develop? Name 3

A

trauma
modelling
verbal instruction

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15
Q

disorder #1 phobia

7 criteria for phobia disorder

A

1) fear/anxiety towards a specifier (env, object, situational)
2) fear avoided or else intensely anxious
3) always provoke fear (not sometimes)
4) fear disproportionate to actual threat/danger
5) clinical distress
6) unexaplined by med condition/substance
7) uncaused by MD

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16
Q

disorder #1 phobia

Use the 2 factor model of behavioral conditioning to explain aetiology of phobia disorder

A

1) conditioning - US (neutral stimuli specifier) is conditioned to threat –> CS
2) reinfored by avoidant behavior to avoid/dec anxiety

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17
Q

disorder #1 phobia

Explained what prepared learning is in the context of phobias

A

some stimuli are more reacted and evolutionary adapted as more common fears (spiders heights) compared to others (flowers)

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18
Q

disorder #1 phobia

Name 1 treatment for phobias

A

gradual consistent exposure therapy

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19
Q

disorder #2 social anxiety disorder/social phobia

Which gender, age, and SES is more prevalent in social anxiety disorders?

A

women, younger, lower SES

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20
Q

disorder #2 social anxiety disorder/social phobia

How many % of adults have social anxiety disorder? At what age time frame does it onset?

A

3-13% adults
adolescent onset

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21
Q

disorder #2 social anxiety disorder/social phobia

9 criteria for social anxiety disorder/social phobia

A

1) intense fear of unfamilar people/social epxosure/observed
2) fear of showing anxiety symptoms - humailiated, neg evaluated
3) fear disproportional to threat
4) social situations always provoke fear/anxiety
5) must be avoided to stop or will endure
6) clinical distress
7) duration - min 6 months
8) unexplained by med condition/substance
9) uncaused by MD

22
Q

disorder #2 social anxiety disorder/social phobia

Use behavorial model to explain aetiology of social anxiety disorder. What is used to reinforce the avoidance? How is negative feedback present?

A

2 factor model conditioning (negative social experience) -> fear
avoids with safety behaviors

safety behavior - eye contact, stand farther

negative feedback - others dissprove behavior, inc intensity

23
Q

disorder #2 social anxiety disorder/social phobia

Use 4 cognitive factors to explain social anxiety disorder.

hint: NINI
2 self neg, internal
2 env neg , internal

A

1) negative evaluating self’s social performance
2) internal states/sensations focused more than others perception
3) negative beliefs about consequences of social scrutiny/exposure/embarassment
4) internal cues more than external social cues

24
Q

disorder #2 social anxiety disorder/social phobia

Name social anxiety disorder behavioral therapy, cogntive therpay, 3 medications

A

behavioral - role play, practice in groups
cognitive- CBTm challenge beliefs, negative thoughts and self talk
benzo, SSRI, SNRI

25
Q

disorder #3 panic disorder

4 criteria of panic disorder

hint: brain and body related, anxious about it …

A

1) specific set of cognitions and body sensations
2) anxiety about recurrent unexpected panic attacks
3) unexplained by med condition/substance
4) uncaused by other MD

26
Q

disorder #3 panic disorder

panic attacks are a sudden ________ with min of ____ physical symptoms

A

apprehension/terror
4

27
Q

disorder #3 panic disorder

Name 7 panic disorder physical symptoms

A

1) choke
2) dizzy
3) heart palpitate
4) breathing difficult
5) chills
6) heat/tingles
7) trembling/muscles

28
Q

disorder #3 panic disorder

Name 3 cognitive panic disorder symptoms

A

1) depersonalization
2) derealization
3) fear of losing control/dying

29
Q

disorder #3 panic disorder

aetiology of panic disorder has 3 aspects: neurobio, behavioral, cognitive. What is the neurobio fear circuit and which is the main NT in charge?

A

locus coerculeus (LC)
norepinephrine

30
Q

disorder #3 panic disorder

drugs that inc norepinephrine activation in the locus coerculeus (LC) does what to stress?

A

INC stress –>panic attacks

31
Q

disorder #3 panic disorder

aetiology of panic disorder has 3 aspects: neurobio, behavioral, cognitive. What is the behavioral conditioning process of panic attacks?

A

interoceptive conditioning

32
Q

disorder #3 panic disorder

What is interoceptive conditioning?

A

initial PRECURSORS of panic attack (somatic symptoms sweating, inc HR, muscle ache) –> CONDITIONED STIMULI CS

predict inc arousal
anxiety ABOUT SYMPTOMS = CR

panic attack

33
Q

disorder #3 panic disorder

aetiology of panic disorder has 3 aspects: neurobio, behavioral, cognitive. What is the cognitive aspect of panic disorder?

hint: cycle of thought –> produce ? inc panic disorder pos feedback

A

catastrophic misinterpretations of doom/dizzy/dying when experiencing symptoms of panic attack –> inc anxiety –> produce more sensations (cycle)

34
Q

disorder #3 panic disorder

What is the behavioral therapy for panic disorders?

A

exposure training to interoceptive sensations
breathing training, relaxation

35
Q

Is benzo (GABA) or antidepressants (SNRI, SSRI) more addictive with greater side effects?

A

benzo (GABA) with more motor/cognitive side effects

36
Q

disorder #4 agoraphobia

8 criteria for agoraphobia

A

1) anxiety about places where escaping is difficult - can’t get help
2) avoids places (public transport, larg crowds)
3) always produce intense fear, must be avoided to stop
5) fear out of proportion to actual threat
6) duration - min 6 months
7) clinical distress
8) unexplained by MD, substance, medical condition

37
Q

disorder #4 agoraphobia

aetiology of cognitive model to explain agoraphobia

A

fear of fear hypothesis
1) FEAR NEGATIVE THOUGHTS about conseq of anxiety in public spaces (escaping is hard)
2) FEAR OF BELIEFS leading to socially unaccpetable outcomes

38
Q

disorder #4 agoraphobia

agoraphobia treatment (behavioral) ex:

A

exposure therapy in graded scenarios

39
Q

disorder #5 GAD

6 criteria for GAD

A

1) general distress pervasive worry, long lasting
2) not proportionate to actual worry
3) min 6 months, 3 symptoms
4) clinical distress
5) unexpalined by med conditions/substance
6) uncased by other MD

40
Q

disorder #5 GAD

Name 6 symptoms of GAD

A

1) irritated easily
2) tired easily
3) restless
4) muscle tension
5) sleep disturbance
6) focus/concentraton difficulties

41
Q

disorder #5 GAD

name 4 stages of GAD developing

what causes emotions? what’s felt? cognitive component? result?

A

1) early trauma
2) emotions of distress hard to understand
3) worry
4) neg emotions relieved

42
Q

disorder #5 GAD

GAD vs anxiety disorders main difference is

A

GAD- general distress, worry focused, to avoid anxiety, no heightened physio response

anxiety - specific pattern of fear, specific heightened physio response

43
Q

disorder #5 GAD

GAD people are more likely to experience ? than people with anxiety disorders?

A

major depressive disorder

44
Q

anxiety treatment

graded exposure includeds maximum which 2 features?

A

maximizing features of trigger (spider’s specific features)

maximizing contexts of trigger (spiders in diff env)

45
Q

anxiety treatment

behavioral approach of anxiety treatment is not “forgetting the fear” but learning to ?

A

learning to extinct the fear

46
Q

anxiety treatment

cognitive approach of anxiety treatment includes challenging what 2 components?

A

1) person’s beliefs about likelihood of conseq/situation happening

20 person’s expectationss of self unable to cope/tolerate/control self

47
Q

anxiety treatment

What 2 types of therapy is used in anxiety treatment apart from behavioral exposure and CBT?

A

ACT - acceptance commitment therapy

MCT - meta cognitive focus positive thinking therapy

48
Q

anxiety treatment

What are the 2 types of anxiety anxiety treatment? What are classified under?

A

benzodiazipines
antidepressants
under anxiolytics

49
Q

anxiety treatment

What are 4 examples of benzodiazipines?
Which NT is increased?
withdrawals? negatives?

A

valium, xanax, sedatives, tranquilizers
withdrawals, cog, motor, memory- addictions not preferred first line of med

50
Q

anxiety treatment

What are the 2 main types of antidepressants?
side effects?

A

SSRI, SNRI
slight jitters, HR, less than benzo, preferred

psych disorders (7 decks)

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