W10

Question 1

What are the two main ways of reproduction?

Answer 1

Sexual and Asexual

Question 2

Define Asexual reproduction

Answer 2

The production of cells that are identical to parent cells. Also known as clones

Question 3

What are the main types of Asexual reproduction?

Answer 3

• Budding
• Fragmentation
• Parthenogenesis

Question 4

Although Prokaryotic divide Asexual to create clones, what are some ways genetic variation can be gained?

Answer 4

• Horizontal gene transfer

- Obtain DNA directly from the environment and viral infection

Question 5

How does the process of horizontal gene transfer work?

Answer 5

Transfer DNA from one individual to another, usually of the same species, and much more rarely to an individual of another species, during conjugation.

Question 6

What is budding?

Answer 6

In which a bud or small protrusion forms on an organism and eventually breaks off to form a new organism that is smaller than the parent. Fungi, Plants and some animals

Question 7

What is Fragmentation?

Answer 7

In which new individuals arise asexually by the splitting of one organism into pieces, each of which develop into a new individual.Some mold, starfish and corals

Question 8

What is Parthenogenesis?

Answer 8

Females produce eggs that are not fertilized by males, but divide by mitosis into new individuals

Question 9

Define sexual reproduction

Answer 9

The process of producing offspring that receive genetic material from two parents; In Eukaryotes this process occurs through meiosis and fertilization

Question 10

What are n cells also known as

Answer 10

Gametes or spores

Question 11

What is the result of fertilization or fusion of two gametes?

Answer 11

A Zygote

Question 12

Define embryo

Answer 12

An early stage of multi-cellular development that results from the successive mitotic division of the zygote

Question 13

True or false, organisms that reproduce asexually are also capable of producing sexually?

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What determines whether an organism reproduces sexually or Asexually if it can do both?

Answer 14

As demonstrated by the Daphnia, the determining factor seems to be whether the environmental conditions create favorable conditions or Less favorable conditions

Question 15

What consists favorable Conditions?

Answer 15

• Abundant food supply

- Warm temperatures

Question 16

What consists less favorable Conditions?

Answer 16

• Decreased food supply
• Cool temperatures
• Overcrowding
• Accumulation of wastes

Question 17

What are the advantages of Asexual reproduction?

Answer 17

• It does not involve finding a mate, which takes time and energy
• Less genetic variation

Question 18

What is the main benefit of Asexual reproduction?

Answer 18

It is rapid and allowing organisms to increase their population quickly. Even growth exponentially if conditions are favorable

Question 19

What is the twofold cost of sex?

Answer 19

Is one of the key disadvantages of sexual reprodcution.Population size can increase more rapidly in asexually reproducing organisms than in sexually reproducing organisms because only female produce offspring, and sexual females have only half the fitness of asexual parents.

Question 20

What is 1/3 of the explain the advantages of producing genetically distinct offspring in spite of the costs of sexual reproduction.

Answer 20

sexual reproduction allows species to adapt faster than Asexually reproducing ones because rare beneficial mutations that arise in different organisms can be brought together, increasing the overall fitness of the population

Question 21

What is 2/3 of the explain the advantages of producing genetically distinct offspring in spite of the costs of sexual reproduction.

Answer 21

Sexual reproduction allows a population to purge itself of harmful mutations more quickly than could a population of asexual individuals.

Question 22

What is 3/3 of the explain the advantages of producing genetically distinct offspring in spite of the costs of sexual reproduction.

Answer 22

Sexual reproduction is a mechanism of parasite defense. In host–parasite interactions, the host evolves defenses against the parasite, and the parasite evolves new ways to infect the host, so each evolves rapidly simply to maintain its ecological position.

Question 23

What is a hypothesis that explains why mammals have lost the ability to produce asexually?

Answer 23

We can hypothesize that early mammals gained fitness advantages in the evolution of imprinted genes, but lost the ability to reproduce parthenogenetically

Question 24

What are imprinted genes?

Answer 24

Genes that are expressed differently depending on their parent of origin. Imprinting ensures that mammals develop from embryos with one maternal and one paternal genome

Question 25

True or False, To survive, eggs and sperm require a wet environment.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What is external fertilization?

Answer 26

Fertilization that takes place outside the body of the female;in aquatic organisms

Question 27

How do organisms that reproduce via external, fertilization increase the chance of the gametes meeting?

Answer 27

• Lay eggs on or near a substrate, such as a rock, and males release their sperm onto the eggs
• Animals may also come close together physically to improve chances that the sperm will fertilize the eggs

Question 28

What is internal fertilization?

Answer 28

Fertilization that takes place inside the body of the female. It is an adaption to living on land

Question 29

What are R-strategists?

Answer 29

A species that produces large numbers of offspring, but provides few resources for their support

Question 30

What are K-strategists?

Answer 30

A species that produces relatively few young but invests considerable resources into their support