w1: introduction

Question 1

Trigger warning - definitio

Answer 1

is a statement made prior to sharing content that might be potentially disturbing because it includes sensitive topics such as childhood trauma, violence or self harm.

this content can be visual, or auditory.

Question 2

debate about trigge warning

Answer 2

opponent:
- unnecessarily shield from the often harsh realities of the world.
- make lecturer responsible for protecting children
- impossible to anticipate all topics whihc might be sensitive.

proponents:
- can help students mentaly prepare about tough topics
- content can negatively impact student well-being

Question 3

trigger warning study method:

Answer 3

randomised showing two different ‘warnings’ before sensitive content.

1. the passage you will see / read is disturbing anc may trigger anxiety response

or

2. you are about to view the next passage

Question 4

trigger warning study discussion

Answer 4

trigger warning has an immediate effect on disress
- increase in participants who believed that words can harm
- no significant decrease in remaining participants

trigger warning had no follow-up effect on distress

conclusion: trigger warnings may do more harm than good

Question 5

history: emergence of psychiatry

Philippe Pinel

Answer 5

basic classification: dementia-idiotism-melancholia-mania

humane treatment

Question 6

history: emergence of psychiatry

Benjamin Rush

Answer 6

moral treatment

broad interest in the case of psychopathology

Question 7

history: emergence of psychiatry

Emil Kraepelin

Answer 7

first modern classification system

focus on biological causes

Question 8

history: emergence of psychiatry

Sigmund Freud

Answer 8

focus on psychological causes

psychoanalysis

Question 9

Boulder Model

Answer 9

1947: APA Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology
- report on current programs
- recommend new content
- set up standards: dr + cinical internship

1949: Boulder Conference –> Shakow Report
- focus on holy trinity of assessment, therapy and research
- clinical psychologist are scientidst-practitioners

Question 10

Clinical Psychology today

Answer 10

Practical components:
psychopathology = symptoms which may indicate a mental disorder

scientific components
psychopathology = academic study of symptoms of a mental disorder

Question 11

what is abnormal?

1. abnormal = deviating from statistical norm?

Answer 11

strght:
- there are clear cut-offs
- the frequency of the behaviour is quantifiable

limitations:
- cut-offs are arbitrary
- not all rare behaviours are undersirable
- nor all abnormal behaviours are rare ie. arachnophobia

Question 12

what is abnormal?

2. abnormal = deviating from a social norm?

Answer 12

strth
- takes the accepted norms of society into account

limitations:
- as cultures vary, a universal set of norms cannot be established
- social norms change over time
- norms may depend on context

Question 13

what is abnormal

3. abnormal = dysfunctional?

Answer 13

strth:
- focus on how maladaptive the behaviour is

limitations:
- some abnormal behaviours are adaptive
- not all maladaptive behaviours are condiered abnormal (when fear causes suffering)

Question 14

what is abnormal?

4. abnormal = distressing?

Answer 14

strght:
- focus on how desirable the behaviour is for the individual
- not bound to statistical and social norms

limitations:
- individuals may not see the behaviour is undesirable
- the distress may be situationally appropriate

Question 15

The 4 D’s of Abnormality

Answer 15

Deviance (of a norm)

Dysfunction (social, occupational, ect)

Distress (in self or others)

^^ DSM-5

Danger (to self or others)- forensic criteria

Question 16

what is abnormal

5. abnormal = disease?

Answer 16

strght:
- there may be biological causes for abnormal behaviour

limitations:
- often no biological cause can be found
- few good medical tests available
- causation vs. correlation
- biological reductionism