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VetMed Year 4- Term 1 > w/c 30-June-14 > Flashcards

w/c 30-June-14 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are leukocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow- all cell lines
Spleen and liver = potential to produce all leukocyte lines
Thymus, spleen, LN = most differentiation of lymphoid

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2
Q

Bursa of Fabricus function

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue in birds

Along with thymus, spleen and LN = differentiation of lymphoid cells.

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3
Q

When PCV tube is spun down, the layer where the leukocytes are is known as the…

A

Buffy coat. Is between the bottom layer (erythrocytes) and top layer which is the plasma

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4
Q

Why can’t leukocyte counts be done on a machine for reptile/avian blood?

A

Machine counts nucleated cells. Avian/Reptile blood=nucleated cells therefore falsely high.

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5
Q

Why do you get a neutrophillia from stress?

A

Neutrophils are ‘washed’ off their attached position on the blood vessel wall.

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6
Q

CNP to MNP Normal RATIO =

How does this differ between cats/dogs?

A

Circualting to Marginated neutrophil pool
Normally 1
i.e. same amount marginated as circulating but in CATS can be 3!!
therefore stress related neutrophillia

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7
Q

Neutrophil half life

A

5-10 HOURS

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8
Q

What is a left shift

A

If demand hgi, more immature neutrophils released i.e. MORE BANDS or earlier, known as a left shift.

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9
Q

When would you see toxic changes of neutrophils?

A

When they are being produced too quickly e.g. poorly developed nucleus or basophillia.
Cells can appear more blue or Dohle bodies might be present (all toxic change)

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10
Q

Difference between degenerate and toxic neutrophils

A

Degenerative neutrophils: In tissue, fighting with bacteria, bacterial toxins.
Toxic: in peripheral blood due to accelerated production. NO NEED FOR TOXINS!

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11
Q

Classification of regenerative left shift

A

Left shift: more immature neutrophil in circulation

Regenerative left shift = neutrophilia. Segemented > Bands

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12
Q

Classification of degenerative left shift

A

Left shift: more immature neutrophil in circulation.
Degenerative left shift: Neutropenia
Bands > Segemented

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13
Q

Significance of degenerative left shift

A

Severe condition. Start antibiotics!
Bands in circulation but still neutropenia.
Means dogs/cat have used up their storage pool

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14
Q

Horses/Cow significance of degenerative left shift

A

Horses and Cows don’t have the storage pool that dogs/cats have therefore tend to start off with a deg left shift (still need antib to help in first few days) then will tend to become regen after few days

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15
Q

Why is a degenerative left shift more severe in dogs/cats than large animals

A

Dogs/Cats have storage pool.
Horses/Cows don’t therefore start off with degen left shift while bone marrow inc production.
In dogs/ cats means it has used up storage and bone marrow is not keeping on top.
Both need antibs to start off.

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16
Q

Right shift is indicated by

A

Hypersegementation of the nucleus

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17
Q

Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) =

A

Required to protect individual pets but also UK disease status
Requires rabies and tape worm treatment but NO LONGER REQUIRES TICK TREATMENT (from Jan 2012)

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18
Q

Which tick born pathogens are endemic to UK (2) and how do they differ?

A
  1. Borrelia burgdorferi = Spirochete = Ixodes ricinus. Lyme disease
  2. Anaplasma phagocytiohillium = Rickettsial = Ixodes ricinus= Similar to E.canis but less severe
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19
Q

Which tick vector transmits Babesia canis/ Babesia gibsoni and Ehrlichia canis (all NON endemic to UK)

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Ehrlichia canis: Rickettsial (causes Thrombocytopenia)
B. canis is more severe than B.gibsoni = PROTOZOAL

20
Q

Large babesia / small babesia example

A

Protzoal.
Large babesia: B. canis
Small babesia: B. gibsoni (S. eruope)
V. uncommon in cats

21
Q

Babesia pathogenesis

A

Within ticks, Babesia is transmitted trans-stadially and trans-ovarially.
Sporozoites injected from tick salivary glands
Enter circulation, endocytotosed by RBC
Immune-mediated

22
Q

Cattle Babesia species =

A

Cattle and rodent reservoir are more important causes of human Babesiosis.
B. divergens = cattle.

23
Q

Clinical signs of Babesiosis

A

Those of haemolytic anaemia:

Lethargy, Depression, Inappetence, Icterus, Splenomegaly, Tachycardia/Tachypnoea

24
Q

Treatment of Babesiosis - does it differ between type of pathogen

A

Diagnosis: Microscopic identification (low sensitivity)
PCR or Serology (Ab test/ ELISA)

TREATMENT: Imidocarb diproprionate.
Large forms (B. canis): Rapid clinical response
Small forms (B. gibsoni) : Cure uncommon; relapses occur
25
Q

Incubation period for Ehrilichia canis

Acute and Chronic signs

A

1-3 WEEKS
Acute phase: Vasculitis and immune destruction –> thrombocytopenia. Speen and LN enlargement. CNS / Occular signs.
Can be cleared or become sub-clinical carrier = chronic = bone marrow destruction, pancytopenia

26
Q

Rikettsia =

A

Small obligate intracellular gram negative bacteria.
Monocytic: Ehrilichia Canis
Thrombocytic: Anaplasma platays
Granulocytic: Anaplasma phagocytophilium

27
Q

Diagnosis and Treatment of Ehrlichia canis

A

Morulae in monocytes in blood smears or macrophages. Thrombocytopenia. IFA/ELISA
Treatment: Tetracycline/Chloramphenicol for 28 days. Tick-control

28
Q

A. phagocytophilium

A

Signs in dogs (very rare in cats)
Mild/moderate thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, mild anaemia, natural chronic infection not been seen. Secondary infections?
Zoonosis.

29
Q

Borreliosis in dogs

A 
Co-infections common *e.g. A.phagocytophilia
Lethargy, Anorexia and Pyrexia.
Inflamm polyarthritis. 
Lymphadenopathy
Treatment: Doxycycline/Amoxicillin
30
Q

Canine Leishmaniosis pathogenesis

A

Target tissue: Macrophages/
Systemic infection in hemolymphatic organs
Parasite persistence = chronic infection
Signs may develop MONTHS-years are infection
-weight loss/wasting, skin disease, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly
ZOONOSIS

31
Q

Diagnosis of Leishmania

A

Amastigotes in FNA of reactive LN.
Serology- high Ab
PCR- Bone marrow, LN, skin, spleen.
PROTEINURIA

32
Q

Treatment for Leishmania

A

Often clinical remission but persistant parasitemia.
Meglumine antimoniate + allopurinol
Prolonged treatment
Consider euth due to zoonotic risk.
PREVENTION: Sandfly avoidance: Imidacloprid/Permethrin

33
Q

PPP for Diroflaria immitis

A

Endemic in Europe. PPP is 6 months
Mosquito
Occupy R side of heart and pulmonary artery
ZOONOTIC

34
Q

Prophalyaxis for animals travelling abroad

A

Selemectin (strong hold)
Milbemycin (program plus/ Milbemax)
Moxidectin (advocate)

Tx if already infected:
Symptomatic (treat CHF), Adulticide , Microfilarial
Don’t want to kill all at same time as will clog heart

35
Q

Example of an adulticide used to treat Dirofilaria

A

Treatment of Diroflaria immitis (ZOONOTIC)

  1. Symptomatic (steroids, treatment of CHF)
  2. Adulticide therapy - melarsomine
  3. Microfilarial therapy - levamisole, ivermectin, milbemycin
36
Q

Peak activity for ticks

A

Feeding season is March t June, peak activity is April, May

37
Q

Bovine Babesiosis

A

B. divergens.
Pyreixa, Anaemia, Jaundice, HEMOGLOBINURIA, dEATH (24 hours if acute illness)
Diagnosis: Sample from ear/tail capillaries. = Ixodes ricinus

38
Q

How does the tick vector differ between cow babesiosis and dog babesiosis

A

Bovine Babesiosis: B. divergins = Ixodes ricinus
Canine Babesiosis; B. gibsoni = Rhipicephalus sanguineus
ZOONOSIS; RARE; SPLENECTOMISED PEOPLE

39
Q

Endemic stability

A

Calves <6 months are resistant to Babesiosis and develop immunity and asymptomatic carrier state = endemic stability.
DELIBERATELY GRAZE YOUNGSTOCK ON KNOWN BABESIA/ TICK PASTURE

40
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilia in large animals

A

Rickettsial parasite of leukocytes.
Tick borune fever.
Ixodes ricinus tickets.
Immune suppression - leukopenia, neutropenia, decreased phagocytosis.
Mostly asymptomatic but increased suspectibility to other dioseases. e.g. tick pyaemia, pneumonia.
Tick borne fever: fever and abortions in sheep and goats, milk drop and respiratory signs in cattle.

41
Q

Louping ill virus

A

Only Flavivirus endemic to UK.
Upland areas Scotland, Wales, NW and SW England.
Sheep: Pyrexia and Paresis = Neuro signs.

42
Q

Equine Infectious Anaemia

A

Horse flies and Satable flies.
In utero or saliva, nasal secretions, faeces, semen
LENTIVIRUS = Persistant infection, normally important to UK
NOTIFIABLE

43
Q

Acute EIA

A 
Can go un noticed 
1-3 weeks
Can also be fatal,
Subsequent infection
Chronic EIA: Signs include anaemia, thrombocytopenia, weight loss, dependent oedema
44
Q

EIA diagnosis and control

A

EIA AB +VE culled (statutory)
No vaccine.
NB Ab may take 10-14 days to develop and serocovert after 45 days

45
Q

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

A 
Caused by Bunyacirus
Wild and domestic animals
Tick transmitted,
Sub clinical in animals
Zoonotic transmission.

VetMed Year 4- Term 1 (12 decks)

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