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VetMed Year 4- Term 1 > Neuro - 3 > Flashcards

Neuro - 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Signalment of Discospondalitis

A

Discospondalitis is concurrent intervertebral disk infection + vertebral osteomyelitis.
Large/Giant breeds (GSD/ Great Dane)

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2
Q

Pathogenesis of Discospondalitis

A 
Can affect anywhere in vertebral column. Caused by wounds, epidural injections, abscess' pyothorax.
Also bacteria (pseudomonoas, bordetella, staph) and Fungi (aspergilliosis)
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3
Q

Clinical signs of Discospondalitis

A

Fever, anorexia, lameness, back pain, variable neurological deficits.
Diagnosis: Bloods= leucocytosis
CSF= Neutrophillic pleocytosis

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4
Q

Treatment of Discospondalitis

A

Longterm (2-3 month) amox/clav or enrofloxacin and use of NSAIDs (carprofen/ metacam)
If pain +++ bupronorphine

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5
Q

Main Ddx for Discospondalitis if neurological deficits ARE NOT PRESENT

A

Discospondalitis = neurological feficits.

If no neurological deficits suspect polyarthritis or polymyositis

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6
Q

How to distinguish polyarthritis from polymyositis

A

Polymyositis: Serum CK levels. Electrophysiology. Muscle biopsy (MUSCLE PAIN)
Polyarthritis: Join tap = JOINT PAIN

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7
Q

Normal signlament for Wobbler syndrome in dogs

A

AKA Cervical stenotic myelopathy.

Doberman Pinshers and Great Danes

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8
Q

Normal age of onset for Calcinosis circumscripta

A

Spinal cord compression in several breeds of dogs inc Burnease mountain dogs.
Less than a year old.
Cause unknown
Usually localised dorsally at atlantoaxial articulation
DON’T CONFUSE WITH CALCINOSIS CUTIS = HYPERADRENOCORTICISM IN DERM STRAND!

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9
Q

Cats fed raw liver diet would be predisposed to what

A

Hypervitaminosis A. Leads to hypertrophic bone formation on the vertebrae, leading to spondylosis Spondylosis is a term referring to degenerative osteoarthritis

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10
Q

How does the signalment and treatment of infectious meningitis and steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis?

A

Infectious meningitis: TREAT WITH ANTIBIOTICS

Steroid responsive meningitis (aka Juvenile polyarthritis): 8-18 months = Beagles, Boxers TREAT WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESIVES

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11
Q

Most common causative agent of Discospondalitis?

A

Staphylococcus intermedius.

GSD bitches appear predisposed to aspergillosis.

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12
Q

Why are tetraplegic animals at risk of respiratory failure?

A

Due to paresis of intercostal muscles and diaphragm or failure of respiratory drive due to brain stem.
Atelectasis/aspiratory pneumonia

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13
Q

Muscle cramping / pain that occurs during or following exercise in the horse is known as

A

Equine Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome
Monday morning disease/
Rhabdymyolysis = lysis of muscle fibres

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14
Q

Main Ddx of Equine Rhabdomyolysis

A 
Lameness,
Aortoiliac thrombosis (rare- association with migrating strongyles, use of anthelmintics)
Laminitis
Pleuritis
Tetanus
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15
Q

Diagnosis of Equie rhabdomyolysis syndrome

A 
Stiff movements, pain, sweating, tachy, 
Myoglobinuria,
Plasia CK/AST activities
CK peak- 6 hrs
AST peak - 24 hrs
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16
Q

Horse urine that looks like coke aka dark, could be sign of

A

Equine Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome causes myoglobinuria= dark urine
CK peak - 6 hrs
AST peak - 24 hrs

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17
Q

Treatment of Acute Excertional Rhabdomyolysis

A

Analgesics (NSAIDs, opiods), IV or oral fluids,

Diuretics to maintain urine output in attemps to minimise/ prevent the nephrotoxic effects of myoglobin

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18
Q

Best test for Equine Rhabdomylitis syndrome 16 hrs post exercise is

A

AST peak at 24 hrs

CK peaks at 6 hrs

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19
Q

Exercise test for Exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome in horse

A

1) Take CK measurement
2) 20 minutes of lunge exercise, trot and canter
3) Take 6 hr CK measurement
>100% rise is significant

20
Q

Aetiology of Exertional Rhabdomyolytis

A
  1. Aquired: Overextention due to eccentric contraction or oxidative injury
  2. Inherited: Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis due to defective calcium regulation
21
Q

How does Overextention lead to exertional rhabdomyolytis

A 
Eccentric contraction (contraction due to muscle lengthening) e.g. downhill running and jumping. 
Oxidative injury - free radical induced damage.
22
Q

Hormonal influence as cause of exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Females > Males.

No correlation between stage of oestrous cycle and plasma CK.

23
Q

Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER) is more likely down to

A

A defect in calcium regulation that has been studies in detail in a small group of related Throughbreds in USA.
Most common in young nervous fillies.

24
Q

Prevention of RER

a) drugs
b) Diet changes?

A

Oral dantrolene - a calcium release calcium blocker.
High fat/ low carbohydrate diet
Regular exercise/ turn out.

25
Q

Polysacchairde storage myopathy signalment

A

Affects quarter horse / warmbloods/ draft horses
Heritable (autosomal dominant)
Causes exertional rhabdomyolysis.

26
Q

Polysaccharide storage myopathy pathogenesis

A

Abnormality of glucose metabolism. Mutation in glycogen synthase gene in skeletal muscle (normally responsible for the formation of the 1-4 links between glucose monomers to make glycogen)

27
Q

DNA test for PSSM1

A

Submit blood in EDTA or hair plucks.
Autosomal recessive
Causes exertional rhabdomyolysis.

28
Q

Treatment and Management of PSSM1

A

As with RER, high fat, low carbohydrate diet.

Regular daily exercise.

29
Q

Cause of the Exhausted horse

A

Glycogen depletion from muscles.
Electrolte loss from sweat
Hypovolemia

30
Q

Clinical signs of Exhausted Horse

A

Depressiom, dehydration, increased HR/RR, Pyrexia, Poor sweating response, Poor jugular dystention.
Syncronus diaphragmatic flutter (diaphragm contracts in time with heart beat) .
Ddx: Check for rhabdomyolysis (CK/AST)

31
Q

Signalment of Coccygeal muscle injury

A

‘Limber tail’ and ‘Rudder tail’
Working breeds- Labradors/pointers
Pain at tail base.
Mild elevation in CK.
Recovery over several days. REST + NSAIDs
Cold, exercise, swimming seem to predisposed.

32
Q

presentation of fibrotic myopathy in horse

A

Common in quarter horse.

Usually semitendinonus (can be semimembranosis/ gracilis)
Cause: myscle tear, IM injection, Neuropathy
‘Slapping foot against floor.

33
Q

Treatment of Fibrotic myopathy.

A

Rest. NSAIDs, surgical resection of fibrous tissue or tenotomy.

34
Q

Cause of Atypical myopathy

A

Acute onset in horses at pasture./ CK and AST massively increased. Muscle biopsy diagnosis.
Box elder tree and SYCAMORE.

35
Q

Pathogenesis of Atypical myopathy

A

Horses at pasture.
Ingestion of box elder/ sycamore.
Inhibition of acyl-CoA dehydration.
Can also cause ventricular tachy due to effect on cardiac muscle

36
Q

Treatment of Atypical myopathy

A

Riboflavin (vit B2 supplementation)
Carnitine supplementation
Support carbohydrate met (insulin?/glucose)

37
Q

Why would Atypical myopathy be seen in predominantly spring or autumn

A

Horses at pasture.
Spring: seeds on floor
Autumn: seedlings grow
Inhibition of acyl-CoA

38
Q

Raised AST in horse- 2 origins

A
  1. Liver

2. Muscle (hence increase in atypical myopathy/ rhabdomyolysis)

39
Q

Bladder alpha receptors are located

When is it stimulated?

A

SYMPATHETIC
Bladder neck, stimulated during storage phase to keep bladder neck closed.
BLOCKED during emptying phase (parasym) to relax (this is how Phenoybenzamine works)

40
Q

Bladder beta receptors

When is it stimulated?

A

SYMPATHETIC
Bladder Body (BB) aka Detrusor
Stimulated during storage to relax muscle.
Blocked during emptying phase to contract!

41
Q

Diazepam use for bladder

A

Blocks striated urethral muscle to AID EMPTYING of bladder.

Phenoybenzamine facilitates emptying by blocking sympathetic alpha receptors.

42
Q

Phenylpropanolamine

A

Alpha agonist to increase internal sphincter tone.

FACILITATES STORAGE aka SYMPATHETIC dom.

43
Q

UMN bladder

A

Increased sphincter tone. difficult to express.
Solution: Diazepam+ Prazosin.
CONTRAINDICATED: Cystocentesis is bladder +++ full

44
Q

Exercise changes for Rhabdomyolysis

A

AVOID REST DAYS
aka
encourage exercise. Care when high levels of NSC in grass (e.g. when plant is photosynthesising)
Also low carbohydrate/starch and high fat diet is recommended

45
Q

Pathway for palpebral reflex

A

SUBCORTICAL
V–> Brainstem –> VII

Also corneal reflex is subcortical (same pathway as above)

46
Q

Menace response pathway

A

FCB!

II–> FOREBRAIN –> CEREBELLUM –> BRAINSTEM –> VII

VetMed Year 4- Term 1 (12 decks)

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