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VetMed Year 4- Term 1 > EQUINE LOCOMOTOR > Flashcards

EQUINE LOCOMOTOR Flashcards

1
Q

Laminitis

A

Characterised by the failure of attachment of the epidermal cells of the insensitive laminae to the underlying basement membrane of the dermal (sensitive laminae)

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2
Q

3 stages of laminitis

A
  1. Development stage (72 hours!!) - cannot tell when in this stsage 2. Acute laminitis 3. Chronic laminitis (depending on how effective treatment is)
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3
Q

Pathogenesis of Laminitis

A

Inflammation- thought that something to do with hindgut fermentation of carbohydrates

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4
Q

Vascular events in the early stages of laminitis include…

A

Digital vascoconstriction and consequent laminar oedema. Vascoconstriction may be caused by platelet activation. Amines from hindcut fermentation are also vasoactiv

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5
Q

Characteristic stance for laminitis

A

Leaning back on heels (trying to transfer weight OFF toe), bounding digital pulse, increased hoof wall temperature, palpable depression at coronary band. Pottery gaut,

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6
Q

Which radiographs would you take for diagnosis of laminitis

A

Lateromedial radiographs. Need to put markers on feet inc dorsal hoof wall, starting at coronary band, one at point of drog. . Founder distance = sinking

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7
Q

Medical therapy for Laminitis

A

Medical emergency, Analgesia (NSAIDs PBZ, Flunixin, Carprofen) or Opiods in hospital setting. Use of vasodilator therapy is controversial (only ACP shown to work)

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8
Q

Why might a sick endotoxic horse be placed in ice bucket

A

Decrease risk of laminitis as ice is vasoconstricting blood vessels.

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9
Q

What diet changes can be implemented to help laminitis

A

Box rest changing diet so it includes no grass, 1.5-2% body weight poor quality hay. Cinnamon- claimed to be insulin sensitising?? Chromium thought to potentiate action of insulin?? Magnesium: Modulates action of insulin???

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10
Q

Prognosis of Laminitis

A

Dependent on clinical signs. ROTATION BETTER THAN SINKING If depression that extends all the way around coronary band = suggests sinking (20% survival) Rotation of >11.5deg is poor prog.

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11
Q

How can laminitis be prevented

A

Associated with an over consumption of NSC (Fructan+Starch+Sugar) which provides energy for plant growth. Decreased in growing plants, increased when photosynthesis (high light, low temp i.e. EARLY SPRING = HIGH NSC= HIGH LAMINITIS RISK) Ideally want <10% NSC

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12
Q

When would it be preferable to graze a horse which is prone to laminitis

A

Consider zero grazing. Turn out late at night or early morning (Low NSC) Restrict in Spring/Autumn Avoid if frost with bright sunshine. Muzzle horse.

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13
Q

Majority of the hoof in inaccessible for palpation, except

A
  1. Dorsal DIP joint capsule 2. DIP joint collateral ligaments 3. Collateral cartilages 4. Distal recess DFTS+ DDFT Nerve Blocks are not very specific in the hoof,
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14
Q

Correct nail placement for horse shoeing

A

Driven obliquely through hoof wall/ Tip of the nail is placed at inner edge of white line with bevel of nail tip facing inwards. When the tail hits the dense hoof wall the nail will start to curve outwards

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15
Q

Septic Pedal Osteitis treatment

A

Persistant infection = radiolucency. More often front legs as 60% of horse weight distributed here. Curettage and wound care

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16
Q

Coffin bone =

A

Coffin bone = Pedal bone = Distal phalnx = PIII!

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17
Q

Hoof wall avulsions are the result of

A

Damage to the cornonary band. Permantely disturbed growth

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18
Q

Keratoma presentation and treatment

A

Columnar thickening of hoof extending towards inside of hoof. Mostly dorsal wall. Increased local pressure can result in typical lysis of the distal phalanx (on radiograph) Treatment is surgical removal.

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19
Q

Difference between thrush and canker

A

Thrush: Infection leading to necrotic process’ in frog area. Usually limited to lateral and medial sulci of the frog. CANKER: Mixed bacterial infec of deeper layers. White pus, pungent odour and tendency to bleed.

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20
Q

Treatment of White Line Disease in Horse

A

Debridge all necrotic and diseased horn. Protect sensitive lamina. Hardening soluitions e.g. formalin. METICULOUS DAILY HOOF CARE AND STALL HYGIENE

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21
Q

An important differential diagnosis for navicular bone fracture of

A

Bipartitie Navicular Bone (congenital abnormality) can result in chronic lameness and DIP joint OA. Normally lamer with fracture.

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22
Q

Cause of Navicular Syndrome

A

Palmer Heal Pain. No point cause or pathophysiology. No one cure. 1/3RD IF all forelimb lameness. Usually bilateral

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23
Q

Characteristic gait for Navicular Syndrom

A

Normally bilateral. 1/3 of all chronic forelimb lameness. 6-12 year old horses. Toe first gait. Toe elevation increase lameness?

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24
Q

Diagnostic approach to Navicular syndrome a) hoof testers b) nerve block

A

Toe elevation may increase lameness. a) Hoof testers: normally negative b) Positive response to Navicular bursa analgesia/ DIP joint analgesia.

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25
Q

Diagnostic plan for Osseous cyst-like lesions

A

Nerve blocks to verify significance. Normally midline but can get there near navicular bone and middle phalanx

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26
Q

5 types of Distal Phalanx fracture

A

Type I: Wing-non articular Type II: Wing-articular Type III: Sagittal Type IV: Extensor process Type V: Communuted Type VI: Solar margin

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27
Q

Type IV Distal phalanx fractures involve…

A

Type IV Distal phalanx fractures involve the DIP joint. Displacement by common digital extensor tendon

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28
Q

How do treatments for different types of Distal Phalnax fractures vary

A

Wing (Type I or II) - box rest for 6 months Midsag (Type III) lag screw/bar shoe Extensor process (Type IV) - Box rest 4-6 months and Arthrotomy for removal.

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29
Q

Treatment for Type VI Distal Phalanx fracture

A

Type VI= Solar margin. Bar shoe? Box rest for up to 6 months

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30
Q

Which type of Distal Phalanx fracture can have Laminitis as a complication

A

Communitured (Type V) Transfixation cast or Euthasnasia

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31
Q

How to prepare equine foot for radiograph

A

Prepartion vital for good radiographs- brushing or washing off dirt. Placement of marker on dorsal hoof wall, aligned with coronet. Shoe removal only essential if obscures region of interest. May compromise further lameness examination

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32
Q

Routine views for equine radiographs (4 views)

A

1) Lateromedial 2) Dorso-60deg-proximal palmarodistal oblique 3) Dorso-45deg proximal palmarodistal oblique 4) Palmaro-45-proximal palmarodistal oblique

33
Q

How are radiographs named?

A

Point of entry to point of exit. e.g. Lateromedial. Radiograph taken side of foot towards contralateral limb.

34
Q

Extensor process on Lateromedial radiograph

A

Commonly diagnosed as problem but there is a wide variation in anatomy between extensor process’ of the extensor process of p3 in clinically sound horses.

35
Q

Chip fracture of the extensor process of p3 on radiograph DDx=

A

Secondary ossification centre? or chip?

36
Q
A

Variations in normal radiographic anatomy.

Attachment of collateral ligaments of DIP joint.

Articular margin.

Also normal variation in extensor process’ of p3 in sound horses

37
Q

Dorso-60-proximal palmarodistal oblique radiograph positioning….

A

Xray front of limb

Good view of the palmer process’, solar canal, solar margin

38
Q

On the 60DP view (from front of leg). variations in normal radiographic anatomy include

A

Attachement of collateral lig of DIP joint (also lateromedial) and Crena differences (either flat or dip) both normal

39
Q

Palmaro-45-proximal palmarodistal oblique radiograph aka

A

Flexor /Skyline view, taken from back of leg.

Can see Dorsal (Articular) Surface and Palmar (Flexor) Surface

40
Q

Laminitis measures

A

Angle dorsal hoof wall and dorsal wall distal phalanx >15% = poor prog.

41
Q

Prognosis measurements Lamintis

  • hoof wall angle
  • Founder distance
  • Dorsal hoof wall thickness
A

Angle dorsal hoof wall and dorsal wall distal phalanx >15% = poor prog

Founder distance: >13 mm = indication of sinking.

Dorsal hoof wall thickness >3cm in horses, 2cm in ponies is indicator of chronic laminitis

42
Q

What does this radiograph demonstrate

A

Severe laminitis.

Orange: Lucent line in dorsal hoof wall = seperation of lamina

Blue: Horizonal lucent line at coronet= Sinking

Red= Remodelling ‘‘slipper’ and fracture of solar margin

43
Q

The only pathognominic radiological sign of navicular disease is

A

Flexor cortex erosions (mistaken for cysts)

DPrPaDi obl view

44
Q

The metacarpophalngeal joint is normally permenatly hyperextended. What happens when there is pain in the limb?

A

Decreased with reduced weight-bearing (pain)

Also decreased with a fibrosed (stiff) tendon)

Pick up contralateral limb to make weight bearing

45
Q

When would the metacarpophalangeal joint have INCREASED extension (is normally a permenantly hyperextended joint)

A

Decreased if pain/fibrosis

INCREASED with severe SDFT/SL injuries

ELEVATING TOE = DDFT rupture

46
Q

An elevating toe is pathopneumonic for…(in horses)

A

DDFT rupture,.

47
Q

Diagnosis of proximal suspensory disease

A

Lameness - often lamer with the limb on outside of circle - pain on palpation.

Normally inside leg that is ++ lame so proximal suspensory disease is exception

48
Q

Suspensory Ligament Desmitis is most common in

A

Schooled horses

Hindlimb

Straight hock, overextending MTP joint

49
Q

Desmitis of the accessory ligament of
the deep digital flexor tendon

-Where would you expect the swelling?

Clinical signs?

A

Swelling in the
proximal metacarpal
region
 Dorsal to SDFT

Variable lameness, often absent!!
Ultrasonography: Generalised enlargement

50
Q


Preceding tendon degeneration with superimposed sudden over-extension most commonly affects which tendons

A

SDFT and SL

C.F. Just sudden over extension normally DDFT?

51
Q

Diagnosis of Suspensory body and branch desmitis

A

Variable lameness.

Ultrasonography - branches need imaging from medial and lateral aspects

Focal or generalised lesions, enlargement, periligamentar fibrosis common, bilateral involvement common.

Radiography: Conccurent bony abnormalities

52
Q

DDFT Tendinopathy =

A

Usually within digital sheath or navicular bursa.

53
Q

Examples of Intra-thecal tendon tears and where they normally occur

A

DDFT: Usually lateral border of FORELIMBS

Manica flexoria - usually HINDLIMB

54
Q

3 types of Tenosynovitis

A

Dysfunction

  1. Digital sheath: Idiopathic distention, 2. Non-septic inflammation (primary or secondary)
  2. Penetrating injuries- sepsis
55
Q

Where is the Annular ligament found?

A

fibrous band that wraps around the flexor tendons as they pass over the fetlock sesamoid bones on the palmar/plantar surface of the limb.

Annular ligament syndrome (ALS) is caused by a thickening of the annular ligament (can be primary or secondary)

56
Q

Clinical signs of Annular Ligament Syndrome (ALS)

A

Lameness: Mild to moderate, minimally responsive to rest. Occasional irregular gliding of tendons (Annular ligament surroudns flexor tendons)

Distended digital sheath.

NOTCH AT LEVEL OF PAL. (at fetlock sesamoid bones on the palmar aspect)

57
Q

Diagnosis of Annular Ligament Syndrom

A

ALS.

Ultrasonography >2mm thickness.

Notch at level of PAL.

58
Q

3 stages of tendonitis

A
  1. Acute (inflammatory phase) 0-2 WEEKS - Minimise inflamm
  2. Subacute phase (fibroplasia) 1 week to 6 months - promote fibroplasia
  3. Chronic (remodelling phase)
59
Q

Treatment for Tendonitis in subacute phase

A

1 week to 6 months.

Clinical signs: Reduction or absence of lameness, resolution of signs of inflamm, tendon still palpably enlrged and soft.

MOBILISATION: Early / Progressive (introduce trotting after 3 months)

Regular ultrasonographic monitoring

60
Q

Treatment of tendonitis in acute phase

A

Application of cold ice

Compression

Rest

Short acting steroids (only within 24/48 hours)

CARE LAMINITIS

NSAID’s analgesia

61
Q

What type of cells can be implanted to attempt to induce regeneration rather than repair

A

Scaffolds: ACell (lyophilised pig bladder submucosa)

MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS.

62
Q

Chronic cases of tendonitis CLINICAL SIGNS

A

3-18 MONTHS- Remodelling phase

Clinical signs: Tendon size decreases, tendon less pliable, reduced fetlock extenson.

Collagen transformation from III to I.

63
Q

Treatment of Chronic phase of tendonitis

A

Surgery

Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (Check ligament)

64
Q

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy

A

Specific therapy for Proximal Suspensory Desmitis

Also Fasciotomy and Neurectomy for hindlimb PSD that has failed to improve after first two treatments

65
Q

Prognosis for a) Manica flexoria tears

b) DDFT tears

A

a) Manica Flexoria tears= H/L: Good prog with removal
b) DDFT F/L Debridgment but poor prog.

66
Q

Difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Distal interphalangeal joint flexural deformity

A

Type 1: Dorsal hoof wall less than vertical

Exercise/Physio/ Toe extension shoe, Desmotomy of ALDDFT

Type 2: Dorsal hoof wall past vertical

TYPE 2 = SURGURY NORM REQUIRED desmotomy of ALDDFT

Acquired- 6 months of age

67
Q
A

Metacarpophalangeal joint flexural deformity.

Can be congenital or Aquired in yearlings.

Also secondary to chronc SDFT tendinopathy in adults

68
Q

Treatment of Metacarpophalangeal joint flexural deformity

A

Exercise/physio

Toe extension and rasied heal shoe

Splint/braces

Surgery - desmotomy of ALDDFT/ ALSDFT/ SDFT

69
Q

Fracture patient immediate chemical restraint =

A

a2 agonist: Xylazine, Detomidine, Romifidine

AVOID AVOID Phenothizine tranquilizers (ACP- hypotensive effects in the presence of circulating catecholamines)

70
Q

How does the type of splint vary between lower limb cast on forelimb and hindlimb

A

Forelimb: Dorsal splint

Hindlimb: Planter splint (HP)

Distal carpus to Distal radius: Robert jones bandage with caudal and lateral splint for fore

Robert jones bandage with plantar and lateral splint for hind

71
Q

Where would you find the tarsal crural joint

A

Equine hock between tibia and calcaneus.

72
Q

Conservate management of Calcanean rupture in dog

A

NO

Only surgery 3 piece suture quicker than 2 piece.

Repair must be protected e.g. screw to take off pressure but still needs protection with cast.

Prog good if done promptly

73
Q

Prognosis of common calcanean tendon repair

A

If digits are hyperflexed = superficial digital flexor intact.

Prog is good for soundless if done promptly and repair is protected with screw and cast for 6 weeks.

May reoccur in contralateral limb if secondary to degenertion of tendon

74
Q

Presentation and test for common calcanean tendon

A

Calcanean tendon = extensor mechanism.

Radiograph (mediolateral): Periosteal new bone growth over calcaneus/ soft tissue swelling.

Affected hock LESS EXTENDED

Digits might be hyperflexed if superficial digit flexor intact

75
Q

Which imaging modality is 90% effective at diagnosing navicular syndrome

A

MRI = Diagnostic in 90% of cases.

CT = little information on soft tissue

Also nuclear scintigraphy (high sensitivity/low specificity)

Ultrasound= limited use for feet

76
Q

Typical presentation for Navicular Syndrome

A

1/3 of all chronic forelimb lameness.

6-12 year old horses

Taller, lighter breeds

Some evidence of hereditary traits

Usually bilateral

Insidious onset

TOE ELEVATION = WORSE

SOMETIMES TOE FIRST GAIT

77
Q

What blocks for distal interphalangeal joint

A
  1. Dorsal midline approach
  2. Approach lateral/medial to extensor tendon
  3. Palmer/Planter approach
78
Q

Navicular bursa block

A
  1. Midline- Navicular position horizonal approach
  2. Midline- Navicular position 30 degree oblique approach
  3. Lateral palmar/ planter approach
79
Q
A

VetMed Year 4- Term 1 (12 decks)

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