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Geography A2* > Vulcanicity Content > Flashcards

Vulcanicity Content Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the potential hazards produced by volcanic eruptions

A
  1. Lava flows burn and bury crops
  2. Submarine/coastal eruptions can cause tsunami
  3. Ash falls ruin machinery and disrupt transport
  4. Ash can cause respiratory difficulties
  5. Lahars
  6. Flooding from lava and debris blocking rivers
  7. Pyroclastic flows
  8. Snow melt causing dangerous lahars
  9. Volcanic dust absorbs solar energy, lowering global temperatures
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2
Q

Name some potential benefits of volcanic eruptions

A
  1. Lava flows create new land
  2. Geothermal power
  3. Igneous rocks contain rare mineral deposits
  4. Volcanic sulphur is used in agricultural and pharmaceutical processes
  5. Igneous rocks make excellent building material e.g. Most of Aberdeen’s buildings are made from granite
  6. Extinct volcanoes make excellent defensive sights e.g. Edinburgh castle
  7. lava and ashes weather quickly into fertile soils
  8. Volcanoes can be great tourist attractions
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3
Q

What does vulcanicity refer to?

A

All volcanic activities related to magma being pushed into the crust

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4
Q

Where is volcanic activity mainly located?

A

Along plate margins in belts

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5
Q

What are the four types of boundary, process that can produce volcanoes? And give examples of these

A
  1. Spreading ridges- constructive plate margins- mid Atlantic ridge
  2. Subduction zones- destructive plate margins- Pacific ring of Fire
  3. Rift valleys- The Great African Rift Valley
  4. Hot spots e.g. Hawaii
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6
Q

How many active volcanoes are there in the world approximately?

A

1500

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7
Q

What differences are there in the lava at constructive and destructive plate margins?

A

Constructive- basaltic
Runny, less viscous, low in silica

Destructive- acidic (andesitic rhyolitic)
Slow flowing, viscous, high in silica

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8
Q

How do volcanic eruptions differ at constructive and destructive plate boundaries?

A

Constructive: little violence, gases easily escape

Destructive: potentially explosive, lava shatters into pieces

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9
Q

What are the differences in terms of material erupted at constructive and destructive margins?

A

Constructive: mainly lava

Destructive: lava, ash, dust

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10
Q

What are the differences in terms of the frequency of eruptions at constructive and destructive margins?

A

Constructive: regular and can be continuous

Destructive: from time to time, long dormant periods

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11
Q

What are the differences in terms of the form the volcano at constructive and destructive margins?

A

Constructive: lava plateau, shield volcano, lava only

Destructive: acid lava dome, composite cone, layers of ash and lava

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12
Q

Do extrusive landforms have finer or larger crystals in their resulting igneous rocks?

A

Finer- this is because they cool faster

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13
Q

Do rocks resulting from intrusive landforms have larger or finer crystals?

A

Larger crystals- this is because they cool slowly

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14
Q

Give an example of a fissure eruption

A

Heimay, Iceland 1973

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15
Q

What’s the name of the famous lava plateau in Northern Ireland on the edge of which the giants causeway is located?

A

The Antrim lava plateau

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16
Q

Where would you find fissure volcanoes?

A

Rifts and early constructive margins

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17
Q

Describe the eruptions of fissure volcanoes

A

Gentle and persistent

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18
Q

Give an example of a shield volcano

A

Maura loa, the largest volcano in the world

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19
Q

Do shield volcanoes usually have few or many vents?

A

Many

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20
Q

Where would you find shield volcanoes?

A

Hotspots and where oceanic meets oceanic crust

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21
Q

Describe the eruptions of shield volcanoes

A

Gentle and predictable

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22
Q

Give some examples of composite come volcanoes

A
  1. Mount Etna
  2. Mount Vesuvius
  3. Mount Fuji
23
Q

Where would you find composite cone volcanoes?

A

Destructive margins

24
Q

Describe the eruptions of composite cone volcanoes

A

explosive and unpredictable

25
Q

Name a region where many acid/dome volcanoes would be found

A

Puy, in central France

26
Q

Where are acid/dome volcanoes found?

A

On continental crust

27
Q

What is the range a caldera volcano can be from and to?

A

1-50km

28
Q

Name two examples of caldera volcanoes

A

Crater lake, USA and Krakatoa, Indonesia

29
Q

What height do few ash and cinder cone volcanoes exceed?

A

1000 feet

30
Q

Name an example of an ash and cinder cone volcano

A

Paracutin-Mexico it has slopes of 25-35 degrees

31
Q

What are the type of magma and characteristics of an Icelandic eruption?

A

Magma: basaltic

Characteristics: lava flows gently from fissures

32
Q

What are the type of magma and characteristics of a Hawaiin eruption?

A

Magma: basaltic

Characteristics: lava flows gently from a central vent

33
Q

What are the type of magma and characteristics of a Strombolian?

A

Magma: basaltic (thicker)

Characteristics: frequent, explosive eruptions of tephra steam. Occasional, short lava flows

34
Q

What are the type of magma and characteristics of a Vulcanian eruption?

A

Magma: basaltic (thicker), andesitic, rhyolitic

Characteristics: less frequent, but more violent eruptions of gases, ash and tephra (including lapilli)

35
Q

What are the type of magma and characteristics of a vesuvian eruption?

A

Magma: basaltic (thicker), andesitic, rhyolitic

Characteristics: long periods of inactivity, then very violent gas explosions blast ash high into the sky

36
Q

What are the type of magma and characteristics of a peléean eruption?

A

Magma: andesitic, rhyolitic

Characteristics: very violent eruptions of nuèe ardents

37
Q

What are the type of magma and characteristics of a plinian eruption?

A

Magma: rhyolitic

Characteristics: exceptionally violent eruptions of gases, ash and pumice. Torrential rainstorms cause devastating lahars

38
Q

How does a geyser come to erupt?

A
  1. Water is heated through contact with hot rocks
  2. Pressure builds until an eruption takes place
  3. The vent then re-fills and the cycle is repeated
39
Q

Why are geysers relatively short lived? (In geological terms)

A

Ground water conditions change and vents collapse

40
Q

Name an example of a geyser

A

Old faithful- Yellowstone national park

Stokkur- Iceland

41
Q

Do fumaroles cease to exist when a volcano becomes extinct?

A

No, they can persist for thousands of years after a volcano has become extinct

42
Q

If the gas produced by a fumarole is sulphur, what are the fumaroles then called?

A

Solfataras

43
Q

Name two examples of batholiths

A

Dartmoor

The Isle of Arran

44
Q

How big can batholiths be?

A

Hundreds of kilometres in diameter

45
Q

The area around a batholith can be altered to form a what?

Give an example of this

A

A metamorphic aureole an example of this is limestone being transformed into marble

46
Q

What is a high concentration of dykes in an area known as?

A

A dyke swarm

47
Q

Name a location where a dyke swarm can be found

A

Kildonan on the Isle of Arran

48
Q

Give an example of a sill

A

The Great Whin Sill

49
Q

What are both sills and dykes made from?

A

Dolerite

50
Q

What are the primary effects of a volcanic eruption?

A
  1. Tephra
  2. Pyroclastic flows
  3. Lava flows
  4. Volcanic gases
51
Q

What are the secondary effects of volcanic eruptions?

A
  1. Lahars
  2. Flooding
  3. Tsunamis
  4. Volcanic landslides
  5. Climatic change
52
Q

How does prediction help in volcano hazard management?

A

It often involves hazard mapping analysing seismic shockwaves patterns, sampling gas and lava emissions and remote sensing of changes in topography, heat and gas emissions by satellite

53
Q

Give an example where prediction of a volcanic eruption saved lives

A

Popocatepetl, Mexico 2000- seismic shockwaves alerted volcanologists to the threat of an eruption, which occurred 48 hours after the local population was evacuated

54
Q

How does protection help manage earthquake hazards?

A

Warnings are issued and instructions given on how to react before, during and after an eruption. In the longer term, hazard mapping and land-use planning may be used to avoid development in areas at risk.

Geography A2* (38 decks)

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