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Medical Terminology > VT 117 > Flashcards

VT 117 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

What involves pathogenic organisms?

A

Bacteriology

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1
Q

Bacteriology

A

Involves pathogenic organisms

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2
Q

Immunohematology

A

Blood bank

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3
Q

What involves the blood bank?

A

Immunohematology

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4
Q

Serology

A

Used to detect disease through antigen/antibody reactions

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5
Q

Used to detect disease through antigen/antibody reactions

A

Serology

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6
Q

Histology

A

Involves exam of tissues

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7
Q

Involves exam of tissues

A

Histology

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8
Q

Hematology

A

Includes cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and coagulation

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9
Q

Includes cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and coagulation

A

Hematology

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10
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of microscopic organisms

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11
Q

Study of microscopic organisms

A

Microbiology

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12
Q

What are characteristics of an in-house lab?

A

Good lighting/ventilation, washable surfaces only, low traffic area with storage, refrigerator/outlets/equipment, safety equipment, biohazard and sharps containers

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13
Q

What are some safety devices used in a lab?

A

Eyewash station, fire extinguisher, fire blanket, hoods

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14
Q

Safety concerns relating to dress/attire

A

Sturdy shoes, lab coats and scrubs, control hair, trim nails, minimal jewelry, dispose of sharps objects appropriately and immediately, wear gloves w/samples and chemicals

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15
Q

Accuracy

A

how closely results agree with the true quantitative value of the constituent

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16
Q

how closely results agree with the true quantitative value of the constituent.

A

Accuracy

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17
Q

Precision

A

the magnitude of random errors and the reproducibility of measurements

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18
Q

the magnitude of random errors and the reproducibility of measurements

A

Precision

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19
Q

Reliability

A

the ability of a method to be accurate and precise

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20
Q

the ability of a method to be accurate and precise

A

Reliability

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21
Q

Quality Control

A

procedures established to ensure that clinical testing is performed in compliance with accepted standards and that the processes and results are properly documented

Accuracy, precision, reliability; equipment maintenance; pre-, post-, analytic variables

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22
Q

Why is quality control important in a lab?

A

It keeps diagnostic reliability - so you can be sure that you are getting accurate results and giving a correct reading so the animal can be properly treated

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23
Q

What to do if you get a corrosive substance in your eye?

A

Rinse it with the eye wash for 15 minutes

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24
Q

pH levels

A

< 7 acidic
= 7 neutral
> 7 alkaline

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25
Q

What does the pH measuring?

A

The hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

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26
Q

What is meniscus?

A

a curve in the surface of a liquid when it touches another material

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27
Q

What is supernatant?

A

The liquid portion at the top of sediment after the solution has been centrifuged

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28
Q

The liquid portion at the top of sediment after the solution has been centrifuged

A

Supernatant

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29
Q

a curve in the surface of a liquid when it touches another material

A

Meniscus

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30
Q

Refractometer

A

Total Solids Meter, measures the refractive index of a solution to determine the specific gravity (urine and other fluids) or the protein concentration (plasma and other fluids)

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31
Q

Factors for autoclaving

A

appropriate PPE, appropriate packaging of the materials, appropriate materials, be careful of steam when opened and let cool

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32
Q

Centrifuge - what is and does

A

used to separate substances of different densities that are in a solution. The centrifuge spins samples at high speeds, which pushes the heaviest components in the sample to the bottom of the tube according to their densities. Liquid components are layered above the solid components, also according to their densities. When solid and liquid components are present in the sample, the liquid portion is referred to as the supernatant, and the solid component is referred to as the sediment

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33
Q

Metric unit

A

Kilo, hecto, deca, Basic Unit, deci, centi, milli
k h da L/g/m d c m
1000. 100. 10. 1. 0.1 0.01 0.001

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34
Q

2% = ? mg/mL

A

2 g / 100 mL
2000 mg / 100 mL
20 mg/mL

35
Q

kg to lbs

A

Multiply by 2.2

36
Q

700 mL of 30% alcohol is needed. How many mL of 70% alcohol is required to make it?

A 
V1 = (C2)(V2) / C1
V1 = (30)(700)/70
V1 = 300 mL

To find the water: subtract that from the mL needed 700-300=400 mL water

37
Q

A dog weighs 17.6 lb. Needs 20 mg/kg of medication. How many mg required?

The concentration is 100 mg/mL. How many mL needed?

A

Dose = (weight)(dosage)/concentration

17.6/2.2= 8 kg x 20 mg = 160 mg

8 x 20 / 100 = 1.6 mL

38
Q

What are the six rights of an injection?

A

Route, patient, medication, dose, time, frequency

39
Q

What are three sites to draw blood from a dog?

A

Cephalon, jugular, lateral saphenous

40
Q

Three sites to draw blood from a cat

A

Cephalon, jugular, femoral

41
Q

Three major rules for handling urine

A

Clean container, labeled Accurately and fully, analyzed within 1 hour of collection

42
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Plasma is the liquid portion of un-coagulated blood and serum is the liquid portion of coagulated blood

43
Q

What is lipemia?

A

The presence of fat in the serum or plasma, milky white?

44
Q

When the plasma/serum is milky white, what is that?

A

Lipemia - fat in the liquid. Animal just ate.

45
Q

Yellow cap tube

A

Contains no additive, used for serum, sterile

46
Q

Contains no additive, used for serum, sterile

A

Yellow cap tube

47
Q

Plain red top tube

A

Clot tube, serum. No additive. Sit 15-30 min for clotting before centrifuge. Used for chemistry and serological assays

48
Q

Clot tube, serum. No additive. Sit 15-30 min for clotting before centrifuge. Used for chemistry and serological assays

A

Red top tube

49
Q

Tiger/Marbled top tube

A

Serum. Silicon gel creates a barrier between clotted cells and serum. Chemistry and serological assays but is restricted by some tests.

50
Q

Serum. Silicon gel creates a barrier between clotted cells and serum. Chemistry and serological assays but is restricted by some tests.

A

Tiger/marbled top tube

51
Q

Lavender top tube

A

Plasma. Contains EDTA. Commonly used for CBC’s. Mix blood sample well upon collection to prevent clotting.

52
Q

Plasma. Contains EDTA. Commonly used for CBC’s. Mix blood sample well upon collection to prevent clotting.

A

Lavender top

53
Q

Green top tube

A

Plasma. Contains heparin or lithium. Used for blood chemistry assays.

54
Q

Plasma. Contains heparin or lithium. Used for blood chemistry assays.

A

Green top tube

55
Q

Light blue top tube

A

Plasma. Contains sodium citrate. Used for coagulation assays. Timing for clot.

56
Q

Plasma. Contains sodium citrate. Used for coagulation assays. Timing for clot.

A

Light blue top tube

57
Q

Grey top tube

A

Plasma. Contains sodium fluoride. Used for glucose assays. Timing of clot.

58
Q

Plasma. Contains sodium fluoride. Used for glucose assays. Timing of clot.

A

Grey top tube

59
Q

Hematocrit

A

PCV or HCT. Indicates the proportion of cells and fluids in the blood. Determines anemia and dehydration.

60
Q

Normal hematocrit levels for dogs and cats

A

Dogs 37-55%

cats 30-45%

61
Q

Hematocrit quality control

A

Always run two tubes, results within 2% of each other

62
Q

Syringe types

A 
Luer (slip tip)
Luer lock (threaded to hold needles)
63
Q

What supplies are needed for venipuncture?

A

Needle, holder, collection tube. Isopropyl alcohol.

64
Q

Hemolytic serum/plasma means?

A

It’s pink or red, free hemoglobin from ruptured RBC’s

65
Q

It’s pink or red, free hemoglobin from ruptured RBC’s

A

Hemolytic

66
Q

Icteric plasma/serum means?

A

Amber to orange-brown in color. Presence of bilirubin.

67
Q

Amber to orange-brown in color. Presence of bilirubin.

A

Icteric plasma/serum

68
Q

What is PCV?

A

Packed cell volume. How much space is occupied by RBC’s in the blood

69
Q

How do you get a TP reading and what is TP?

A

Total protein. Refractometer after spinning the hematocrit tube

70
Q

What are the blood smear layers and what do you look for in each?

A

Body (nothing)
Mono-layer (rainbow - WBC’s, RBC’s, mostly look here)
Feathering (Platelet clumping and heart worm)

71
Q

What do you evaluate in a urinalysis?

A

Color, transparency (clear, cloudy, flocculent - suspended particles, turbid - opaque), odor, foam

72
Q

What do abnormal odors in urine mean?

A

Putrid: ammonia or bacteria
Strong: intact male cat
Sweet/Fruity: ketones or glucose

73
Q

What do the different foam colors mean in urine?

A

White foam, lots: large amount of protein
Yellow or green: bile pigments
Small amount white foam: normal

74
Q

What are two procedures for urinalysis?

A

Refractometer for specific gravity

Reagent strip - different readings, match colors for results reading

75
Q

What do you look for in a urinalysis sediment exam?

A

Cells, crystals, parasites, casts

76
Q

How do you perform a sediment procedure for urinalysis?

A

Spin sample low and slow, pour off supernatant, mix remaining sediment, place a drop and observe under the microscope. Observe 10 fields at 10x for casts. Observe at 40x for everything else

77
Q

Gram negative vs gram positive bacteria. Go!

A

Negative is pink. Positive is purple.

78
Q

What is the difference between bacteria and viruses?

A

Bacteria are single-called organisms that are alive. Some are good and some are bad. Can almost always be cured. Larger than viruses.

Viruses are acellular and requires a living host to survive. It always causes disease. Can be vaccinated against but cannot be cured - must be survived.

79
Q

Preanalytic variables

A

Biologic (inherent to patient)

Nonbiologic (clerical errors, sample collection and handling)

80
Q

Biologic (inherent to patient)

Nonbiologic (clerical errors, sample collection and handling)

A

Preanalytic variables

81
Q

Postanalytic variables

A

Data entry and record keeping problems

82
Q

Data entry and record keeping problems

A

Postanalytic variables

83
Q

Analytic variables

A

affect the procedure by which the analyte is measured by the instrument

84
Q

affect the procedure by which the analyte is measured by the instrument

A

Analytic variables

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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