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VT 117 Flashcards

0
Q

What involves pathogenic organisms?

A

Bacteriology

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1
Q

Bacteriology

A

Involves pathogenic organisms

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2
Q

Immunohematology

A

Blood bank

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3
Q

What involves the blood bank?

A

Immunohematology

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4
Q

Serology

A

Used to detect disease through antigen/antibody reactions

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5
Q

Used to detect disease through antigen/antibody reactions

A

Serology

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6
Q

Histology

A

Involves exam of tissues

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7
Q

Involves exam of tissues

A

Histology

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8
Q

Hematology

A

Includes cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and coagulation

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9
Q

Includes cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and coagulation

A

Hematology

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10
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of microscopic organisms

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11
Q

Study of microscopic organisms

A

Microbiology

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12
Q

What are characteristics of an in-house lab?

A

Good lighting/ventilation, washable surfaces only, low traffic area with storage, refrigerator/outlets/equipment, safety equipment, biohazard and sharps containers

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13
Q

What are some safety devices used in a lab?

A

Eyewash station, fire extinguisher, fire blanket, hoods

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14
Q

Safety concerns relating to dress/attire

A

Sturdy shoes, lab coats and scrubs, control hair, trim nails, minimal jewelry, dispose of sharps objects appropriately and immediately, wear gloves w/samples and chemicals

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15
Q

Accuracy

A

how closely results agree with the true quantitative value of the constituent

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16
Q

how closely results agree with the true quantitative value of the constituent.

A

Accuracy

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17
Q

Precision

A

the magnitude of random errors and the reproducibility of measurements

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18
Q

the magnitude of random errors and the reproducibility of measurements

A

Precision

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19
Q

Reliability

A

the ability of a method to be accurate and precise

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20
Q

the ability of a method to be accurate and precise

A

Reliability

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21
Q

Quality Control

A

procedures established to ensure that clinical testing is performed in compliance with accepted standards and that the processes and results are properly documented

Accuracy, precision, reliability; equipment maintenance; pre-, post-, analytic variables

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22
Q

Why is quality control important in a lab?

A

It keeps diagnostic reliability - so you can be sure that you are getting accurate results and giving a correct reading so the animal can be properly treated

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23
Q

What to do if you get a corrosive substance in your eye?

A

Rinse it with the eye wash for 15 minutes

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24
pH levels
< 7 acidic = 7 neutral > 7 alkaline
25
What does the pH measuring?
The hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
26
What is meniscus?
a curve in the surface of a liquid when it touches another material
27
What is supernatant?
The liquid portion at the top of sediment after the solution has been centrifuged
28
The liquid portion at the top of sediment after the solution has been centrifuged
Supernatant
29
a curve in the surface of a liquid when it touches another material
Meniscus
30
Refractometer
Total Solids Meter, measures the refractive index of a solution to determine the specific gravity (urine and other fluids) or the protein concentration (plasma and other fluids)
31
Factors for autoclaving
appropriate PPE, appropriate packaging of the materials, appropriate materials, be careful of steam when opened and let cool
32
Centrifuge - what is and does
used to separate substances of different densities that are in a solution. The centrifuge spins samples at high speeds, which pushes the heaviest components in the sample to the bottom of the tube according to their densities. Liquid components are layered above the solid components, also according to their densities. When solid and liquid components are present in the sample, the liquid portion is referred to as the supernatant, and the solid component is referred to as the sediment
33
Metric unit
Kilo, hecto, deca, Basic Unit, deci, centi, milli k h da L/g/m d c m 1000. 100. 10. 1. 0.1 0.01 0.001
34
2% = ? mg/mL
2 g / 100 mL 2000 mg / 100 mL 20 mg/mL
35
kg to lbs
Multiply by 2.2
36
700 mL of 30% alcohol is needed. How many mL of 70% alcohol is required to make it?
``` V1 = (C2)(V2) / C1 V1 = (30)(700)/70 V1 = 300 mL ``` To find the water: subtract that from the mL needed 700-300=400 mL water
37
A dog weighs 17.6 lb. Needs 20 mg/kg of medication. How many mg required? The concentration is 100 mg/mL. How many mL needed?
Dose = (weight)(dosage)/concentration 17.6/2.2= 8 kg x 20 mg = 160 mg 8 x 20 / 100 = 1.6 mL
38
What are the six rights of an injection?
Route, patient, medication, dose, time, frequency
39
What are three sites to draw blood from a dog?
Cephalon, jugular, lateral saphenous
40
Three sites to draw blood from a cat
Cephalon, jugular, femoral
41
Three major rules for handling urine
Clean container, labeled Accurately and fully, analyzed within 1 hour of collection
42
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Plasma is the liquid portion of un-coagulated blood and serum is the liquid portion of coagulated blood
43
What is lipemia?
The presence of fat in the serum or plasma, milky white?
44
When the plasma/serum is milky white, what is that?
Lipemia - fat in the liquid. Animal just ate.
45
Yellow cap tube
Contains no additive, used for serum, sterile
46
Contains no additive, used for serum, sterile
Yellow cap tube
47
Plain red top tube
Clot tube, serum. No additive. Sit 15-30 min for clotting before centrifuge. Used for chemistry and serological assays
48
Clot tube, serum. No additive. Sit 15-30 min for clotting before centrifuge. Used for chemistry and serological assays
Red top tube
49
Tiger/Marbled top tube
Serum. Silicon gel creates a barrier between clotted cells and serum. Chemistry and serological assays but is restricted by some tests.
50
Serum. Silicon gel creates a barrier between clotted cells and serum. Chemistry and serological assays but is restricted by some tests.
Tiger/marbled top tube
51
Lavender top tube
Plasma. Contains EDTA. Commonly used for CBC's. Mix blood sample well upon collection to prevent clotting.
52
Plasma. Contains EDTA. Commonly used for CBC's. Mix blood sample well upon collection to prevent clotting.
Lavender top
53
Green top tube
Plasma. Contains heparin or lithium. Used for blood chemistry assays.
54
Plasma. Contains heparin or lithium. Used for blood chemistry assays.
Green top tube
55
Light blue top tube
Plasma. Contains sodium citrate. Used for coagulation assays. Timing for clot.
56
Plasma. Contains sodium citrate. Used for coagulation assays. Timing for clot.
Light blue top tube
57
Grey top tube
Plasma. Contains sodium fluoride. Used for glucose assays. Timing of clot.
58
Plasma. Contains sodium fluoride. Used for glucose assays. Timing of clot.
Grey top tube
59
Hematocrit
PCV or HCT. Indicates the proportion of cells and fluids in the blood. Determines anemia and dehydration.
60
Normal hematocrit levels for dogs and cats
Dogs 37-55% | cats 30-45%
61
Hematocrit quality control
Always run two tubes, results within 2% of each other
62
Syringe types
``` Luer (slip tip) Luer lock (threaded to hold needles) ```
63
What supplies are needed for venipuncture?
Needle, holder, collection tube. Isopropyl alcohol.
64
Hemolytic serum/plasma means?
It's pink or red, free hemoglobin from ruptured RBC's
65
It's pink or red, free hemoglobin from ruptured RBC's
Hemolytic
66
Icteric plasma/serum means?
Amber to orange-brown in color. Presence of bilirubin.
67
Amber to orange-brown in color. Presence of bilirubin.
Icteric plasma/serum
68
What is PCV?
Packed cell volume. How much space is occupied by RBC's in the blood
69
How do you get a TP reading and what is TP?
Total protein. Refractometer after spinning the hematocrit tube
70
What are the blood smear layers and what do you look for in each?
Body (nothing) Mono-layer (rainbow - WBC's, RBC's, mostly look here) Feathering (Platelet clumping and heart worm)
71
What do you evaluate in a urinalysis?
Color, transparency (clear, cloudy, flocculent - suspended particles, turbid - opaque), odor, foam
72
What do abnormal odors in urine mean?
Putrid: ammonia or bacteria Strong: intact male cat Sweet/Fruity: ketones or glucose
73
What do the different foam colors mean in urine?
White foam, lots: large amount of protein Yellow or green: bile pigments Small amount white foam: normal
74
What are two procedures for urinalysis?
Refractometer for specific gravity | Reagent strip - different readings, match colors for results reading
75
What do you look for in a urinalysis sediment exam?
Cells, crystals, parasites, casts
76
How do you perform a sediment procedure for urinalysis?
Spin sample low and slow, pour off supernatant, mix remaining sediment, place a drop and observe under the microscope. Observe 10 fields at 10x for casts. Observe at 40x for everything else
77
Gram negative vs gram positive bacteria. Go!
Negative is pink. Positive is purple.
78
What is the difference between bacteria and viruses?
Bacteria are single-called organisms that are alive. Some are good and some are bad. Can almost always be cured. Larger than viruses. Viruses are acellular and requires a living host to survive. It always causes disease. Can be vaccinated against but cannot be cured - must be survived.
79
Preanalytic variables
Biologic (inherent to patient) Nonbiologic (clerical errors, sample collection and handling)
80
Biologic (inherent to patient) Nonbiologic (clerical errors, sample collection and handling)
Preanalytic variables
81
Postanalytic variables
Data entry and record keeping problems
82
Data entry and record keeping problems
Postanalytic variables
83
Analytic variables
affect the procedure by which the analyte is measured by the instrument
84
affect the procedure by which the analyte is measured by the instrument
Analytic variables

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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