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Medical Terminology > Musculoskeletal Structure > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Structure Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Form of connective tissue, one of the hardiest tissues in the body.

A

Bone

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1
Q

Bone

A

Form of connective tissue, one of the hardiest tissues in the body.

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2
Q

Ossification

A

The formation of bone from fibrous tissue, continues until maturity

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3
Q

The formation of bone from fibrous tissue, continues until maturity

A

Ossification

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4
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Oste/o = bone, -blasts= immature

Immature bone cells that produce bony tissue

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5
Q

Immature bone cells that produce bony tissue

A

Osteoblasts

Oste/o = bone, -blasts= immature

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6
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity if log bone

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7
Q

Phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of long bone

A

Osteoclasts

Oste/o = bone, -class = break

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8
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature osteoblasts

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9
Q

Mature osteoblasts

A

Osteocytes

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10
Q

Hematopoietic

A

Producing red blood cells (such as red bone marrow)

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11
Q

Producing red blood cells

A

Hematopoietic

Hemat/o = blood, -poietic= pertaining to formation

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12
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Inner space

Of the long bone it contains yellow bone marrow

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13
Q

Inner space

A

Medullary cavity

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14
Q

Cartilage

A

A form of connective tissue more elastic than bone

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15
Q

A form of connective tissue more elastic than bone

A

Cartilage

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16
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of bones

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17
Q

Cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of bones

A

Articular cartilage

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18
Q

Meniscus

A

Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints and cushions forces applied to the joint

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19
Q

Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints and cushions forces applied to the joint

A

Meniscus

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20
Q

Cortical bone

A

Hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone

Cortex= bark or shell in Latin

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21
Q

Hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone

A

Cortical or compact bone

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22
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones; also called spongy bone

Cancellous= latticework in Latin

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23
Q

Lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones

A

Cancellous or spongy bone

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24
Q

Epiphysis

A

Eh-pihf-ih-sihs

Wide end of a long bone, which is covered with articular cartilage and is composed of cancellous bone

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25
Q

Wide end of a long bone, which is covered with articular cartilage and is composed of cancellous bone

A

Epiphysis

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26
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone

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27
Q

Shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone

A

Diaphysis

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28
Q

Physis

A

Cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of the bone; also called growth plate or epiphyseal cartilage

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29
Q

Cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of the bone

A

Physis, aka growth plate or epiphyseal cartilage

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30
Q

Metaphysis

A

Wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis; in adult animals, it is considered part of the epiphysis

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31
Q

Wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis; in adult animals, it is considered part of the epiphysis

A

Metaphysis

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32
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone

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33
Q

Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone

A

Periosteum

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34
Q

Endosteum

A

Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity

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35
Q

Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

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36
Q

Long bones

A

Bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity (ie, a femur)

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37
Q

Bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity

A

Long bones

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38
Q

Short bones

A

Cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity (ie, carpal bones)

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39
Q

Cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity

A

Short bones

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40
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin, flat bones (ie, pelvis)

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41
Q

Thin, flat bones

A

Flat bones

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42
Q

Pneumatic bones

A

Sinus-containing bones (ie, frontal bones)

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43
Q

Sinus-containing bones

A

Pneumatic bones

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44
Q

Irregular bones

A

Unpaired bones (ie, vertebrae)

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45
Q

Unpaired bones

A

Irregular bones

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46
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small bones embedded in tendon (ie, patella) the only exception is the distal sesamoid of the horse

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47
Q

Small bones embedded in tendon

A

Sesamoid bones

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48
Q

Joints or articulations

A

Connections between bones

Articulate means to join in a way that allows motion between parts

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49
Q

Connections between bones

A

Joints or articulations

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50
Q

Synarthroses

A

Joints that allow no movement. Usually united with fibrous connective tissue

Ex: sutures

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51
Q

Joints that allow no movement

A

Synarthroses

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52
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Joints that allow slight movement

Ex: pelvis halves

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53
Q

Joints that allow slight movement

A

Amphiarthroses

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54
Q

Diarthroses

A

Joints that allow free movement

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55
Q

Joints that allow free movement

A

Diarthroses

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56
Q

Suture

A

A jagged line where bones join and form a non moveable joint (synarthroses) typically found in the skull

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57
Q

A jagged line where bones join and form a non moveable joint, usually found in the skull

A

Suture

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58
Q

Fontanelle

A

Soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth

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59
Q

Soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth

A

Fontanelle

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60
Q

Symphysis

A

Joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so that the function as one bone. Also called cartilaginous joints.

Mandibular symphysis or pubic symphysis, for example.

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61
Q

Joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so that the function as one bone.

A

Symphysis or cartilaginous joint

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62
Q

Synovial joint

A

Ball-and-socket joints. Aka, enarthrosis, spheroid joints.

Allow a wide range of movement in many directions.

Ex: hip and shoulder joints

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63
Q

Joints that allow a wide range of movement in many directions (4 possible answers)

A

Synovial joints. Ball-and-socket joints. Aka, enarthrosis or spheroid joints

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64
Q

Arthrodial or condyloid joints

A

Joints with oval projections that fit into a socket, suck as the carpal joints.

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65
Q

Joints with oval projections that fit into a socket, suck as the carpal joints.

A

Arthrodial or condyloid joints

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66
Q

Trochoid joints

A

Pulley-shaped joints. Ex: the connection between the atlas to the axis

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67
Q

Pulley-shaped joints

A

Trochoid joints

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68
Q

Hinge joints

A

Allow motion in one plane or direction

Ex: canine stifle or the elbow

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69
Q

Allow motion in one plane or direction

A

Hinge joints

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70
Q

Gliding joints

A

Move or glide over each other

Ex: radioulnar joint or between vertebrae

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71
Q

Joints that move or glide over each other

A

Gliding joints

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72
Q

Saddle joint

A

Only found in primates. Creates the opposable thumb: allows the thumb to flex, extend, abduct, circumduct.

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73
Q

Joint found only in the carpometacarpal joint in the thumb of primates

A

Saddle joint

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74
Q

Ligament

A

A band of fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another bone to help stabilize joints

75
Q

A band of fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another bone to help stabilize joints

A

Ligament

76
Q

Tendon

A

A band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone to help the animal move

77
Q

A band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone to help the animal move

A

Tendon

78
Q

Bursa

A

A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction

79
Q

A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction

A

Bursa

80
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Inner lining of the bursa and synovial joints that secretes synovial fluid

81
Q

Inner lining of the bursa and synovial joints that secretes synovial fluid

A

Synovial membrane

82
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth

83
Q

Acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth

A

Synovial fluid

84
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The framework of the body that includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

85
Q

The framework of the body that includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

A

Axial skeleton

86
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulders, pelvic girdle

87
Q

Framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulders, pelvic girdle

A

Appendicular skeleton

88
Q

Cranium

A

Portion of the skull that encloses the brain

89
Q

Portion of the skull that encloses the brain

A

Cranium

90
Q

Frontal bone

A

Forms the roof of the cranial cavity or front or cranial portion of the skull.

In some species the horn or cornual process arises from the frontal bone.

91
Q

Forms the roof of the cranial cavity or front or cranial portion of the skull.

A

Frontal bone

92
Q

Parietal bone

A

Paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity

93
Q

Paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity

A

Parietal bones

94
Q

Occipital bones

A

Forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum is located

95
Q

Forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum is located

A

Occipital bones

96
Q

Foramen and Magnum

Together…?

A

Foramen: opening in bone through which tissue passes
Magnum: large
Foramen Magnum: opening for the spinal cord in the cranium

97
Q

opening for the spinal cord in the cranium

A

Foramen Magnum

98
Q

Temporal bones

A

Paired bones that form the sides and base of the cranium

99
Q

Paired bones that form the sides and base of the cranium

A

Temporal bones

100
Q

Sphenoid bones

A

Paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of bony eye sockets

101
Q

Paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of bony eye sockets

A

Sphenoid bones

102
Q

Ethmoid bones

A

Forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity

103
Q

Forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity

A

Ethmoid bones

104
Q

Incisive bones

A

Forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edges of the nares

105
Q

Forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edges of the nares

A

Incisive bones

106
Q

Pterygoid bones

A

Forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

107
Q

Forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

A

Pterygoid bones

108
Q

Sinuses

A

Air or fluid filled spaces in the skull

109
Q

Air or fluid filled spaces in the skull

A

Sinuses

110
Q

Brachycephalic

A

Dogs have short, wide heads like pugs or Pekingese

111
Q

Dogs have short, wide heads like pugs or Pekingese

A

Brachycephalic

112
Q

Dolicephalic

A

Dogs have narrow, long heads like collies or greyhounds

113
Q

Dogs have narrow, long heads like collies or greyhounds

A

Dolicephalic

114
Q

Mesocephalic

A

Dogs have average width heads like labs. Also called mesaticephalic

115
Q

Dogs have average width heads like labs

A

Mesocephalic or mesaticephalic

116
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Forms the orbit and cheekbones, projections from the temporal and zygomatic bone form he zygomatic arch

117
Q

Forms the orbit and cheekbones

A

Zygomatic bones

118
Q

Palatine bones

A

Forms part of the hard palate

119
Q

Forms part of the hard palate

A

Palatine bones

120
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

Forms the medial part of the orbit

121
Q

Forms the medial part of the orbit

A

Lacrimal bones

122
Q

Nasal bones

A

Forms the bridge of the nose

123
Q

Forms the bridge of the nose

A

Nasal bones

124
Q

Vomer bones

A

Forms the base of the nasal septum

125
Q

Forms the base of the nasal septum

A

Vomer bones

126
Q

Nasal septum

A

The cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities

127
Q

The cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities

A

Nasal septum

128
Q

Hyoid bones

A

Bone suspended between the mandible and laryngopharynx

129
Q

Bone suspended between the mandible and laryngopharynx

A

Hyoid bone

130
Q

Vertebral column

A

Spinal Column or backbone, supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord. Consists of individual bones called vertebra.

131
Q

supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord

A

Vertebral column. Spinal column or backbone

132
Q

Vertebral body

A

The solid portion of the vertebra ventral to the spinal cord

133
Q

The solid portion of the vertebra ventral to the spinal cord

A

Vertebral body

134
Q

Vertebral arch

A

The dorsal part of the vertebra that surrounds there spinal cord

135
Q

The dorsal part of the vertebra that surrounds there spinal cord

A

Vertebral arch

136
Q

Lamina (vertebra)

A

The left or right dorsal half of the arch

137
Q

The left or right dorsal half of the arch

A

Lamina

138
Q

Spinous process

A

A single process (projection) from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch

139
Q

A single process (projection) from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch

A

Spinous process

140
Q

Transverse process

A

Project laterally from the right and left sides of the vertebral arch

141
Q

Project laterally from the right and left sides of the vertebral arch

A

Transverse process

142
Q

Articular processes

A

Paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch

143
Q

Paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch

A

Articular processes

144
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

The opening in the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes

145
Q

The opening in the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes

A

Vertebral Foramen

146
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Cartilage discs that separate and cushion the vertebra from each other

147
Q

Cartilage discs that separate and cushion the vertebra from each other

A

Intervertebral discs

148
Q

Atlas

A

C1, cervical vertebra one

149
Q

C1, cervical vertebra one

A

Atlas

150
Q

Axis

A

C2, cervical vertebra two

151
Q

C2, cervical vertebra two

A

Axis

152
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Neck area C vertebrae

153
Q

Neck area, C vertebrae

A

Cervical vertebrae

154
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Chest area, T vertebrae

155
Q

Chest area, T vertebrae

A

Thoracic vertebrae

156
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Loin area, L vertebrae

157
Q

Loin area, L vertebrae

A

Lumbar vertebrae

158
Q

Sacral vertebrae

A

Sacrum area, S vertebrae

159
Q

Sacrum area, S vertebrae

A

Sacral vertebrae

160
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae

A

Tail area, Cy or Cd vertebrae. Also called caudal.

161
Q

Tail area, Cy or Cd vertebrae.

A

Coccygeal or caudal vertebrae

162
Q

Ribs

A

Paired bones that attach to thoracic vertebrae. Also called costals

163
Q

Paired bones that attach to thoracic vertebrae

A

Ribs or costals

164
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone. Forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage, divided into three parts.

165
Q

Forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage, divided into three parts.

A

Sternum, breastbone

166
Q

Manubrium

A

The cranial portion of the sternum

167
Q

The cranial portion of the sternum

A

Manubrium

168
Q

The body

A

The middle portion of the sternum

169
Q

The middle portion of the sternum

A

Body

170
Q

Xiphoid process

A

The caudal portion of the sternum

171
Q

The caudal portion of the sternum

A

Xiphoid process

172
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Rib cage. Protects the heart and lungs. Boundaries are the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae

173
Q

Protects the heart and lungs. Boundaries are the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae. Rib cage.

A

Thoracic cavity or rib cage

174
Q

The bones of the front limb (8 names)

A

Scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpals, phalanges

175
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade. A large triangular bone on the side of the thorax

176
Q

A large triangular bone on the side of the thorax

A

Scapula. Shoulder blade.

177
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone. Slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula

Swine, ruminants, and equine do not have clavicles

178
Q

Slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula

A

Clavicle. Collar bone.

179
Q

Humerus

A

The long bone of the proximal front limb. Sometimes called the brachium.

180
Q

The long bone of the proximal front limb. Sometimes called the brachium.

A

Humerus

181
Q

Radius

A

Cranial bone of the front limb in the antebrachium.

182
Q

Cranial bone of the front limb in the antebrachium.

A

Radius

183
Q

Ulna

A

Caudal bone of the front limb in the antebrachium.

184
Q

Caudal bone of the front limb in the antebrachium.

A

Ulna

185
Q

Olecranon

A

A proximal projection on the ulna that forms the elbow point

186
Q

A proximal projection on the ulna that forms the elbow point

A

Olecranon

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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