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voting systems Flashcards

1
Q

where is PR used

A

the eu

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2
Q

What is PR

A

Proportional representation

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3
Q

what are the 2 ways that PR is used

A

there are two ways open list and closed list

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4
Q

what is an open list PR

A

each party has a number of named candidates- voters choose one candidate to vote for, the seats are allocated on a % basis with personal votes having an influence

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5
Q

what is closed list PR

A

each party has a number of candidates ranked from top to bottom, voters choose a party to vote fit and the seats are allocated on a % basis with seats going to people in each party in order

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6
Q

what is AMS

A

additional member system

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7
Q

where do we use AMS

A

scottish parliament
welsh assembly
greater london assembly

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8
Q

how does AMS work

A

voters cast two votes, one is for a constituency MP and the other for a party list system

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9
Q

what is the formula used to work out who won what AMS

A

votes cast
—————-
(seats one + 1)

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10
Q

What is SV

A

supplementary vote

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11
Q

where is SV used

A

london and other mayor elections, france, police and crime commissions

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12
Q

What does SV do

A

it seeks to give the winner a majority and therefore a mandate

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13
Q

how does SV work

A

single member constituencies
voters choose a first and second preference
votes are counted and if anyone has +50% they win if they don’t then all but winning two are eliminated
second preference votes if the eliminated candidates are reallocated
whoever wins is the winner

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14
Q

what is STV

A

Single transferable vote

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15
Q

where is STV used

A

northern ireland assembly and scottish councils

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16
Q

what type of constituencies does it create

A

large, multi member ones

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17
Q

what is the droop method STV

A

votes cast
——————
(seats to be won +1)

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18
Q

what is AV

A

alternative vote

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19
Q

Why would a be fair to say that a child would create first past the post?

A

→ its simple
→ its clear
→ most people each understand it.

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20
Q

How many constituencies are in the UK?

A

650

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21
Q

How many voters ave approximately in each constituency?

A

73,000

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22
Q

What does each constituency get?

A

A place or “seat” in Parliament with an MP

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23
Q

How do you vote in the UK?

A

l. Go along to your polling station
2. Give your name and address and get given a ballot paper
3. You put a cross in the box you want.

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24
Q

How ave the UK’s ballot slips counted?

A

The sealed ballot boxes are taken to a counting venue
They’re opened and counted by pairs of volunteers, overseen by supervisors

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25
Q

What happens is a candidate fails to reach 5% of the votes.?

A

They loose their £500 deposits

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26
Q

How do you win a FPP vote

A

You need to get one more vote than whoever comes second

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27
Q

What is “You need to get one more vote than whoever comes second “ technically called?

A

A simple plurality

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28
Q

What is our government formed of

A

The party with the majority of MP’s

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29
Q

What’s it called rover a party gets more MP’s than all other parties put together?,

A

An overall majority

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30
Q

Since 1979 now many governments have been formed by an overall majority

A

36 years over the last 44

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31
Q

How do we end up with our PM (fpp)

A

The PM 1s the leader Op the party that has won, the majority party ‘s leader is offered the job by the monarch

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32
Q

Who was the last PM to win the job for the first time with a general election?

A

As of early 2024 I Davi Cameron

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33
Q

Who was the last PM to win the job by their party getting an over all majority?

A

As of early 2024, Tony Blair

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34
Q

When did Rishi Sunak win his job and how?

A

2022, Tory leadership election

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35
Q

When did Liz truss win her job and how?

A

2022, Tory leadership election

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36
Q

When did Boris Johnson win his job and how?

A

2019, Tory leadership election

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37
Q

When did Theresa may win her job and how?

A

2016 Tory leadership election

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38
Q

When did David Cameron win his job and how?

A

2010, won the job in a coalition with the lib- dems

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39
Q

When did Gordon brown win his job and how?

A

2007, labour leadership election

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40
Q

When did Tony Blair win his job and how?

A

1997, won The job with an overall majority

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41
Q

When did John major win his job and how?

A

1990, Tory leadership election

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42
Q

When did Margaret thatcher win her job and how?

A

1979, won the job with an overall majority

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43
Q

What does a candidate need to get to win a seat in parliament?

A

A simple plurality

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44
Q

Give an example of simple plurality resulting in a poor mandate?

A

Johnson (lib-dems’ 92 ) won only 26%

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45
Q

What does the simple plurality mean for smaller parties?

A

It means they have a chance to make an impact and win seats

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46
Q

What time of constituencies do-we have here?

A

Single member constituencies

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47
Q

Give one positive and one to negative single member constituencies

A

↑ gives ore point of access, reduces confusion
↓ those who didn’t vote for them get no ideological rep

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48
Q

What type of constituencies do other systems often use

A

Multi-member constituencies to give more representation

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49
Q

What type of system does FPP lead to?

A

A two-party system

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50
Q

Why is a two-party system bad?

A

People my have too viable options

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51
Q

Who does FPP discriminate against

A

Third parties

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52
Q

In 1997 what %. Of votes du lib - dems get and how many seats was this?

A

16.8% of votes one any 7 seats

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53
Q

In 2015 what % of votes did conservatives get and what percent of seats was this?

A

36.9 % of the votes
50.9 % Of the seats

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54
Q

In 2015 what % of votes did labour get and what percent of seats was this?

A

. 30.4% of the votes
35.6% of the seats

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55
Q

In 2015 what % of votes did SNP get and what percent of seats was this?

A

4.7% of the votes
8.6 % of the Seats

56
Q

In 2015 what % of votes did lib-dems get and what percent of seats was this?

A

7.9% of the votes
1.2% of the seats

57
Q

In 2015 what % of votes did UKIP get and what percent of seats was this?

A

12.6% of the votes
0.15% of the seats

58
Q

In 2015 what % of votes did Greens get and what percent of seats was this?

A

3.8%. Of votes
0.15% of seats

59
Q

What does FPP do to the winners?

A

It exaggerates their performance and creates d “land side” effect its called A winners bonus

60
Q

In 2001 what was the effect of the winners bonus

A

40.7% of votes / 62. 7% of seats
A bonus of 22

61
Q

What party does the FPP system bias e

A

Labour but it is counterbalanced by the amount of left / centre left parties

62
Q

In 2019 how may seats in parliament were won by what%

A

67 seats were won by 5% or less
12 were won by under 1% of votes

63
Q

In Walton, Liverpool what % were labour above second place

A

75% above

64
Q

In 2019 what % of votes were wasted?

A

70.8% - made no difference

65
Q

Every vote cast for a losing candidate is wasted - what % was this in 2019

A

45% of all votes

66
Q

Every vote cast for a winning conciliate that wasn’t necessary as they would’ve won anyway is wasted - what % was this in 2019

A

25%

67
Q

What fraction of the country is not represented

A

1/3

68
Q

How is FPP simple

A
  • You only have to make one cross
  • counting is simple and indisputable
  • gives legitimacy
  • means election results aren’t contested
69
Q

How does FPP give a clear outcome?

A
  • Because it fosters a two party system
  • winner takes all system nature
  • means coalitions are almost unheard of
70
Q

How does FPP give a strong government

A
  • It is a result of the overall majority created by the system
  • It means that they can act quickly when required
  • It also means that they can pursue a coherent program of government
  • And it means that the public get the government that they voted for
  • Also, that the manifesto can be stuck to
71
Q

How does FPP give a responsible government?

A
  • The party will have been elected based off the policies in their manifesto
  • They will have a majority that allows them to put these into practice
  • The two party system that is created means there’s a viable alternative, which helps keep the government in check
72
Q

How does FPP make effective representation?

A
  • because each consistency elected one member of parliament, it is clear to everyone who their representative is
  • The MP has to represent everyone within their constituency
  • This also helps them vote, the way that their constituents want
    -This cannot be found in PR systems
73
Q

How does FPP create broad-based parties?

A

Because of the constituency based winner takes all system. The only party hoping to become. The government has to have a broad base of support across the entire country.
Successful parties need to appeal to large numbers of people
The lack of coalitions also means that there are no small parties that can exercise undue influence

74
Q

How is FPP unfair

A
  • the fact that the number of seats that it gives each party and Parliament does not accurately reflect the share of the vote that they won
  • it is not a proportional system
75
Q

If you win 40% of the vote in every seat, but two other parties win 50% in half the seats and 10% in the other, what happens

A

They they will both get half the seats and you will get none

76
Q

In 1951 and February 1974, what happened?

A

The Party with the most votes lost the election

77
Q

Who does the system given an unfair advantage to?

A

The main two parties

78
Q

What do any shifts of opinion result in due to FPP?

A

They exaggerate the appeal of the parties and amplify any changes

79
Q

Why is lack of justice for third-party is a problem

A

The party can have widespread support and when disproportionately small number of seats
Self perpetuating as people perceive them as not capable of victory

80
Q

What in Scotland shows what can happen if change takes place

A

The success of ‘third’ parties in Scotland

81
Q

Plurality, not

A

Majority

82
Q

What fraction of MPs in 2007 didn’t win the majority of votes in their constituency

A

2/3?

83
Q

What percent of the votes did 55 seats in 2005 get

A

They all got less than 40%

84
Q

When was the last time that the majority of the electorate supported the government?

A

1935

85
Q

Why can you not justifiably claim to be the choice of the people?

A

Because just under 4/5 of people didn’t vote for you or voted for someone else

86
Q

Why is there unequal votes?

A

The size of constituency causes inequality
Wasted votes count for nothing

87
Q

In 2005, what percent of all votes were wasted

A

52%

88
Q

What are safe seats?

A

They are seats where one party holes is substantial lead over. And is almost certain to win

89
Q

What fraction of constituencies do safe Seats. account for

A

Over 2/ 3 of al constituencies

90
Q

Why is there a limited choice with FPP

A

Only one candidate from each party stands- you can’t differentiate between the people with ‘catch all parties’

91
Q

Why does FOP limit choices- third parties

A

It riles them out as a choice as it’s just a wasted vote

92
Q

What type of voting does FPP lead do

A

Tactical voting

93
Q

Why is the decisive nature of FPP bad

A

It means that the two main parties are always looking to get one over on the other which leads to unnecessary advadarial politics

94
Q

What is AV

A

Alternate vote system

95
Q

Why did the lib-dems want to witch to a PR system when they had the chance of a referendum in 2010

A

Because they get many votes but little seats

96
Q

What was the campaign against AV like

A

It was strong and backed by the whole Tory party

97
Q

Which parties were in favour of changing the FPP system

A

Lib Dem’s, greens, snp, plaid, ukip and sinn fien

98
Q

How does av work

A

it seeks a majoritarian system
IRS similar to sv but not all losing parties are eliminated at once

99
Q

What are the steps in the av system

A

1- voters cast a first and second choice
2- 1st choice votes are counted
3- of a candidate gets over % they’re e;excited
4- of no one has 50% the last placed candidate is eliminated
5- their second ckoce votes are redistributed
6- this is repeated until one party gets over 50%

100
Q

Give two negatives to av

A
  • favours the main two parties
  • artificial mandate
101
Q

What are the strengths of AV

A

-reduces wasted votes
- 50% plus mandate
- constituency and rep bond

102
Q

Where is FPP used

A

Uk and Us general election

103
Q

Where is SV used

A

France and the London mayoral elections

104
Q

What does PR do

A

Seeks to make sure the result us mathematicaly fair

105
Q

Where is P.R used

A

Used to be used in the uk for EU parliament elections

106
Q

What is P.R

A

Proportional representation

107
Q

What ere the two forms of P.R

A

Open lost and closed list

108
Q

How does P.R work % wise

A

Parties get roughly, the same, same percent of seats as the percent they won

109
Q

How does open list P.R work

A
  • each party has a number of named candidates
  • Voters choose one candidate to vote for
  • the seats are allocated on a percent basis with the personal votes, having an influence on which people from which party gets the seats
110
Q

How does closed list PR work?

A
  • Each party has a number of candidates ranked from top to bottom
  • Voters, choose a party to vote for
  • The seats are allocated on a percent basis with the seats given out to the people on each parties list in order
111
Q

What is AMS

A

Additional member system

112
Q

Where is AMS used?

A

Scottish Parliament
Welsh assembly
Greater London assembly

113
Q

What type of system is AMS?

A

It’s a hybrid system, it mixes both majoritarian and proportional systems

114
Q

What does AMS seek to do?

A

It seeks to mix the good parts of FPP with the fairness of PR

115
Q

What votes do voters cost for AMS?

A

They caused two votes
One for a constituency MP and the other for a party list system

116
Q

In the Scottish Parliament, how many seats are voted with FPP and how many voted with a list system?

A
  1. Of the 129, MPs are elected by FPP.
    56 are elected by the list system
117
Q

How many seats in Wales are voted by FPP and how many are voted by the list system?

A

40 FPP
20 list system

118
Q

How many seats does the Greater London assembly have voted by FPP, and how many by the list system?

A

It has 14 elected by FPP
And 11 with the list system

119
Q

How many regions is Scotland divided into?

A

Eight

120
Q

What happens in Scotland eight regions?

A

Each region has seven top up MPs who get their seats by the list system and help balance any equalities thrown up by the FPP system

121
Q

What is SV?

A

Supplementary vote

122
Q

Where is SV used?

A

It’s used in the London and other mayoral elections
It’s used in France
It’s used in the police and crime commissions (pcc)

123
Q

What type of system is SV?

A

It’s majoritarian system that seeks to give the winner a majority and therefore a mandate

124
Q

What happens in constituencies with SV?

A

Single member constituencies, but there are multiple votes per person

125
Q

What are the six steps in an SV system?

A

1, single member, constituencies
2, voters, choose a first and second preference
3, votes accounted, and if any candidate has 50% they are the winner
4, if no, candidate has 50% then all, but the leading two are eliminated
5, the second preference votes for the losing parties are reallocated
6, whoever is now leading is the winner

126
Q

How many people contested in the first round of the 2016 mayoral London elections

A

12

127
Q

What was the result of the 2016 London mayoral election?

A

Labour got 56.8%
Conservatives got 43.2%

128
Q

Where is STV used?

A

Northern Ireland assembly
Republic of Ireland
Scottish Council

129
Q

What is STV

A

Single transferable vote

130
Q

What is STV designed to do?

A

It is designed to be representative and give voters a ranked choice of preferences

131
Q

What type of constituencies does STV do?

A

Large multi member constituencies

132
Q

What are the first three steps in single transferable votes?

A

1 votes ranked their choice in order
2 a quota is set using the droop method
3. First preferences are counted at anyone who gets over the quota is elected.

133
Q

What is the droop method?

A

It’s total votes cast
—————————
(seats to be one +1)

134
Q

What are the second three steps in STV?

A

4 the excess votes are redistributed by second preference
5 if these carry anyone over the quota, they are to be elected
6 if no one is over then, whoever is coming last gets eliminated

135
Q

What are the final two steps in STV

A

7 the second preference vote are redistributed as well
8 this continues until the required amount of people get a seat

136
Q

Why are voting systems important?

A

They go to the way people vote not just how the votes are counted
They alter expectations and roles of smaller parties
They alter the political culture

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