voluntary movements Flashcards

1
Q

what are semi-automatic actions?

A

voluntary actions which you don’t have to think about

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2
Q

give examples of semi-automatic actions

A
  • walking
  • breathing
  • chewing
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3
Q

what are central pattern generators (CPG)?

A

neural circuits that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input

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4
Q

what are neural circuits that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input called?

A

central pattern generators (CPG)

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5
Q

semi-automatic actions are driven by what?

A

CPGs

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6
Q

name the components of a voluntary pathway

A
  • receptor
  • spinal cord and brain stem
  • subcortical areas (thalamus and basal ganglia)
  • sensory cortex
  • association cortex
  • motor cortex
  • muscle
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7
Q

a 2 neuron white matter motor pathway connecting the motor cortex and brainstem is known as?

A

corticobulbar tract

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8
Q

what is a corticobulbar tract?

A

2 neuron white matter motor pathway connecting the motor cortex and brainstem

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9
Q

what separates the parietal from the frontal lobe and the motor cortex from the somatosensory cortex?

A

central sulculus

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10
Q

white matter can be divided into 3 sections, what are these?

A
  • dorsal funiculus
  • lateral funiculus
  • ventral funiculus
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11
Q

pathways to motor neurons controlling distal muscles on the left side originate from which side of the brain?

A

right

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12
Q

pathways to motor neurons controlling distal muscles on the right side originate from which side of the brain?

A

left

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13
Q

what do lesions to sensory pathways cause?

A
  • loss of sensation (anaesthesia)

- altered sensation (paraesthesia)

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14
Q

lesions to motor pathways cause?

A

paralysis (palsy)

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15
Q

which structure separates the temporal and parietal lobes ?

A

insular cortex

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16
Q

what is the function of the insular cortex?

A
  • emotion
  • perception
  • motor control
17
Q

which nerve does bells palsy affect?

A

facial (any of the 5 branches)

18
Q

name the components of the basal ganglia

A
  • corpus striatum
  • sub-thalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
19
Q

damage or disease to the substantial migrant results in what type of disorder?

A

movement disorders - i.e. parkinsons, huntington’s

20
Q

parkinsons occurs as a result of disease/disorder to which part of the brain?

A

substantia nigra of basal ganglia

21
Q

parkinsons is a hypokinetic disorder, what does that mean?

A

causes decreased movement

22
Q

what causes parkinsons disease?

A

dopamine deficiency in substantia migrant of basal ganglia

23
Q

huntington’s disease occurs as a result of disease/disorder to which part of the brain?

A

basal ganglia

24
Q

huntington’s is a hyperkinetic disorder, what does that mean?

A

increased movement

25
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • coordinate movement and balance
26
Q

stretch reflexes are mediated by what?

A

muscle spindles