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locomotor system 1 > senses and perception > Flashcards

senses and perception Flashcards

1
Q

a stimulus is converted to an electrical AP by which receptors?

A

specific sensory receptors

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2
Q

which pathways transmit sensory tactile information?

A

specific sensory pathways

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3
Q

which receptors respond to mechanical stimuli (touch)?

A

mechanoreceptors

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4
Q

which receptors respond to thermal stimuli (hot, cold)?

A

thermoreceptors

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5
Q

which receptors respond to noxious stimuli (pain)?

A

nociceptors

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6
Q

which receptors respond to chemical stimuli (taste, smell)?

A

chemoreceptors

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7
Q

which receptors respond to light stimuli (sight, vision)?

A

photoreceptors

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8
Q

which receptors respond to sound (hearing)?

A

mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

which receptors respond to limb position (spacial awareness)?

A

proprioreceptors

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10
Q

which receptors respond to blood pressure?

A

baroreceptors

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11
Q

what is a receptive field?

A

the distribution of sensory receptor nerve endings of a single neuron

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12
Q

give examples of areas of the body with small receptive fields

A
  • tongue

- tips of fingers

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13
Q

give examples of areas of the body with large receptive fields

A
  • shoulders
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14
Q

what is the relationship between size of receptor field and size of the area of therein designated to that part of the body?

A

areas with small overlapping receptor fields have larger regions of the brain (cortical representation)

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15
Q

define 2 point discrimination

A

ability to discern 2 separate mechanical stimuli

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16
Q

what is the relationship between the size of the 2 point discrimination and the size of the receptive field?

A

small 2 pt discrimination = area with small receptive fields = area with large cortical representation

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17
Q

when would someone perceive 2 points?

A

when stimuli is applied to 2 non overlapping receptor fields

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18
Q

if you activate 3 overlapping receptive fields, how many points will the individual perceive?

A

2

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19
Q

describe the transduction of stimuli to an electrical impulse

A
  • stimulus
  • change in receptor membrane permeability
  • influx of cations
  • depolarisation
  • AP
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20
Q

how does the activation of a mechanoreceptor open an ion channel?

A

force applied to a receptor pulls cytoskeletal elements under the cell membrane opening channels

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21
Q

how does the activation of a chemoreceptor open an ion channel?

A

G protein cascade - binding of protein distant to receptor stimulates chain of events that open pore

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22
Q

how is the quality of the stimulus coded?

A

by type of receptor

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23
Q

how is the intensity of the stimulus coded?

A
  • AP frequency

- number of activated neurons

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24
Q

in terms of measuring the duration of a stimulus, receptors can be classified into two groups, what are the?

A
  • slowly adapting receptors

- rapidly adapting receptors

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25
Q

the distorted representation of proportion of the human brain dedicated to processing motor function is called?

A

sensory homunculus

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26
Q

what are receptors?

A

peripheral endings of sensory neurons

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27
Q

where are all sensory nerves collected?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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28
Q

give examples of cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors and what they respond to

A
  • meissners corpuscle (light touch)
  • merkel disc (pressure)
  • hair follicle receptor (hair deflection)
  • pacinian corpuscle (vibration/pressure)
  • muffins ending (pressure/hear)
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29
Q

where does the brachial plexus innervate?

A
  • axillary (arm pit)
  • musculocutaneous (bicep)
  • radial (posterior upper limb)
  • ulnar (elbow)
  • median (upper arm)
30
Q

bundles of axons are called what?

A

fascicle

31
Q

each individual fascicule is surrounded by its own connective tissue, what is this known as?

A

perineurium

32
Q

the connective tissue surrounding bundles of fascicule is called?

A

epineurium

33
Q

motor neurons are composed of which type of fibre?

A

A alpha

34
Q

rank the different types of nerve fibres from largest diameter to smallest

A
  • A alpha
  • A beta
  • A delta
  • c fibre
35
Q

rank the different types of nerve fibres from fastest to slowest

A
  • A alpha
  • A beta
  • A delta
  • c fibre
36
Q

what info do A alpha fibres carry?

A

proprioception (muscle)

37
Q

what info do A beta fibres carry?

A

mechanoreception (skin)

38
Q

what info do A delta carry?

A

pain and temp

39
Q

what info do C fibres carry?

A

pain, temp and itch

40
Q

sensory axons enter the CNS via what?

A

dorsal root

41
Q

where are cell bodies of sensory axons located?

A

dorsal root ganglion

42
Q

motor axons exit the CNS via what?

A

ventral root

43
Q

at what level of the spinal cord id the dorsal root ganglia?

A

C2

44
Q

which 2 branches of the trigeminal nerve have only a sensory function?

A

ophthalmic and maxillary

45
Q

which branch of the trigeminal nerve has a motor function?

A

mandibular

46
Q

sense nerves innervating the face arise from what nerve?

A

trigeminal

47
Q

sense nerves innervating everywhere other than the face arise from what nerve?

A

spinal nerves

48
Q

what is the name of the sensory pathway of the central nervous system that conveys sensations of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception from the skin and joints

A

dorsal column-medial leminiscal pathway

49
Q

which type of nerve fibres are found in the dorsal column-leminiscal pathway?

A

A delta fibres

50
Q

in the dorsal column-leminiscal pathway which neuron crosses over to the other side?

A

2nd order neuron

51
Q

where are the 1st order neurons of the dorsal column-leminiscal pathway located?

A

dorsal root ganglia

52
Q

in the dorsal column-leminiscal pathway, where do the first order neurons make axons with the second order neurons?

A

gracile nucleus and the cuneate nucleus in the lower medulla

53
Q

in the dorsal column-leminiscal pathway, where do 2nd order neurons send their axons to?

A

thalamus

54
Q

what is the name of the sensory pathway that carries info about discriminative touch and proprioception in the oral cavity?

A

dorsal/posterior trigeminothalmic tract

55
Q

1st order neurons of the dorsal/posterior trigeminothalmic tract enter the medulla and synapse with 2nd order neurons where?

A

principal nucleus

56
Q

where do 2nd order neurons of the dorsal/posterior trigeminothalmic tract synapse with 3rd oder neurons?

A

thalamus

57
Q

in the dorsal/posterior trigeminothalmic tract, where do 3rd order sensory neurons terminate?

A

somatosensory cortex

58
Q

1st order neurons of the dorsal/posterior trigeminothalmic tract travel along what ?

A

trigeminal ganglion

59
Q

in the dorsal/posterior trigeminothalmic tract which neuron crosses over to the other side?

A

2nd order

60
Q

where do 3rd order neurons of the dorsal/posterior trigeminothalamic tract in the thalamus ascend to?

A

sensory cortex

61
Q

a sensory pathway from the skin to the thalamus then from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex, carrying information about pain and temperature is known as?

A

spinothalamic pathway

62
Q

the dorsal column-medial leminiscal pathway and the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract cross over to the other side at which region?

A

brainstem

63
Q

the spinothalamic pathway crosses over to the other side where?

A

level of spinal cord

64
Q

in the spinothalamic pathway, where does the 1st order neuron synapse with the second order neuron?

A

spinal cord

65
Q

the neurons of the spinothalamic pathway are of two types, what are these?

A

A delta and C fibres

66
Q

in the spinothalamic pathway, where does the 2nd order neuron synapse with the 3rd order neuron?

A

thalamus

67
Q

where do 3rd order neurons of the spinothalamic tract in the thalamus ascend to?

A

somatosensory cortex

68
Q

which sensory pathway carries info about crude touch, pain and temp from head, face and oral cavity?

A

anterior/ventral trigeminothalamic tract

69
Q

1st order neurons from the anterior and posterior trigeminothalamic tract arise from where?

A

trigeminal ganglion

70
Q

in the anterior spinothalamic tract, 1st order neurons enter the pons and synapse with 2nd order neurons, where do they synapse?

A

principal nucleus

71
Q

in the anterior spinothalamic tract, 2nd oder neurons cross the midline and terminate where?

A

thalamus

72
Q

the ability to recognise objects by feel alone is known as?

A

stereognosis

locomotor system 1 (6 decks)

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