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Locomotor System BDS1 > Voluntary Movement > Flashcards

Voluntary Movement Flashcards

1
Q

describe voluntary actions

A

self-initiated, purposeful, learned, improve with practice, adaptable

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2
Q

how are semi-automatic actions different from voluntary actions

A

they are still voluntary but you don’t have to think about them

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3
Q

what are semi-automatic actions and give examples

A

repeated movement sequences, adaptable e.g. walking, breathing and chewing

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4
Q

what are semi-automatic actions driven by?

A

CPGs (central pattern generators)

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5
Q

what do central pattern generators do?

A

influence whether muscle groups are going to contract or relax

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6
Q

what do the feedback circuits do?

A

they generate a complex circuit to help you refine the output from the central pattern generators

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7
Q

what type of feedback circuits are fedback to the CPGs?

A

reflex feedback, sensory feedback, central feedback (once it has gone through the higher control neurons)

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8
Q

how is movement refined?

A

from recruitment and influences from subcortical areas such as the thalamus and the basal ganglia

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9
Q

what is the circuit of reception to movement when passing through the cortexes?

A

receptor - spinal cord and brainstem - subcortical areas (thalamus and basal ganglia) - sensory cortex - association cortex - motor cortex - spinal cord and brainstem - muscles - movement

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10
Q

what does the anteriolateral funiculus contain?

A

secondary order pain receptors

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11
Q

describe the pathways that motor neurons take when innervating muscle groups in the head and neck

A

at the brain stem the sensory neurons activate lower motor neurons - lower motor neurons target motor nuclei for cranial nerves - these nuclei activate motor neurons which innervate muscle groups

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12
Q

what muscles does the trigeminal nerve supply?

A

muscles of mastication

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13
Q

what muscles does the facial nerve supply?

A

muscles of facial expression

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14
Q

what head and neckmuscles does the vagus nerve supply?

A

soft palate, pharynx, larynx

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15
Q

what muscles does the hypoglossal nerve supply?

A

extrinsic muscles of tongue

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16
Q

how can axons innervate both side of the body if they only project from one side of the brain

A

they bifurcate

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17
Q

describe the corticospinal pathway

A

upper motor neurons send axons down through the internal capsule of brain and brainstem - 85% of axons cross over beneath medulla to other side (contralateral part of spinal cord) this happens at the pyramidal decussation - these neurons are found in the dorsal lateral funiculus - the other 15% of nueorns are in the ventral medial funiculus

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18
Q

what is the difference between the corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways?

A

the corticobulbar pathway can innervate bilaterally but with the corticospinal pathway the axon has to cross to the other side of the spinal cord

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19
Q

what part of the brain is the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve found?

A

the pons

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20
Q

what part of the brain is the motor nucleus of the facial nerve found?

A

pons

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21
Q

what part of the brain is the motor nuclei of the vagus and hypoglossal nerves found?

A

medulla

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22
Q

where do the motor neurons for the distal muscles come from?

A

the opposite side of the brain

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23
Q

describe the descending motor pathway in terms of synapses

A

the upper motor neuron comes from the motor cortex and synapses with the lower motor neuron at the brainstem/spinal cord, the lower motor neuron then innervates the muscle and gives movement

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24
Q

what happens if there is damage (lesions) to descending pathways?

A

it impairs their normal functions causing paralysis - palsy

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25
Q

what pathway does paralysis to lower motor neurons affect?

A

final common pathway

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26
Q

what happens as a result of lower motor neuron paralysis?

A

nerve injury, viral infection (polio), no reflexes, no voluntary movement, muscle atrophy

27
Q

what pathways does paralysis of the upper motor neurons affect?

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways

28
Q

what happens as a result of damage to upper motor neurons?

A

CNS injury (stroke), no voluntary movement, reflexes exaggerated, can’t kickstart descending pathway to recruit lower motor neurons

29
Q

where are the lower motor neurons?

A

in the brainstem and spinal cord

30
Q

where are the upper motor neurons?

A

in the motor cortex

31
Q

what is Bell’s palsy?

A

temporary paralysis of the facial nerve

32
Q

how is Bell’s palsy acquired?

A

could be inflammatory or viral

33
Q

how is Bell’s palsy treated?

A

it normal dissipates within 2 weeks so there is no need to administer medicine

34
Q

where do additional descending motor projections arise from?

A

various areas of the cerebrum and brainstem e.g. basal ganglia, cerebellum

35
Q

what do additional descending motor projections do?

A

serve to co-ordinate movements, help maintain posture/balance, help integrate actions of several muscles

36
Q

what is the basal ganglia made of?

A

several interconnected sub-cortical nuclei

37
Q

what does the basal ganglia do?

A

influence/regulate output from the motor cortex, act to initiate actions and to switch from one action to another

38
Q

what is the key component of the basal ganglia function?

A

you are able to move around without being interrupted

39
Q

what does the grey matter of the brain contain?

A

nerve cells

40
Q

what does the white matter of the brain contain?

A

bundles of axons

41
Q

what does the corpus callosum do?

A

allows the two halves of the brain to communicate with each other

42
Q

what fills the lateral ventricles?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

43
Q

what does cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

help keep the brain tight and has mechanical protection function by bathing the brain in a fluid filled sack, provides immunological protections as well

44
Q

what does the internal capsule do in the brain?

A

serves as a landmark to separate the thalamus and substantia nigra from the putamen and globus pallidus

45
Q

what are the action selection centres of the basal ganglia?

A

corpus striatum, sub-thalamic nuclei and substantia nigra

46
Q

what are the parts of the corpus striatum?

A

cuadate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

47
Q

what does damage of the basal ganglia result in?

A

movement disorders

48
Q

what is parkinson’s disease due to?

A

dopamine deficiency in substantia nigra

49
Q

what is huntington’s disease due to?

A

cell death within corpus striatum

50
Q

what is parkinson’s disease?

A

hypokinetic disorder decreasing movement

51
Q

what are the physical consequences of parkinson’s?

A

resting tremor, poverty of movement, mask-like face, difficulty initiating movements

52
Q

why are muscle movements affected in Parkinson’s

A

there is a deficit of innervation from corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways

53
Q

what is huntington’s disease?

A

hyperkinetic disorder increasing movements

54
Q

what are the physical consequences of huntington’s?

A

excessive controlled movements

55
Q

why does everything become hyperexcitable in huntington’s?

A

there is an imbalance of neurotransmitters - decreased levels of GABA so everything becomes hyperexcitable

56
Q

what are the two lobes of the cerebellum known as?

A

lateral hemispheres

57
Q

what is the interconnecting portion of the cerebellum known as?

A

vermis

58
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

co-ordinates movement, regulates actions of antagonistic muscle groups, maintains balance, compares actual performance with what is intended , controls extent of motor output

59
Q

where does the principle sensory input of the cerebellum come from?

A

proprioreceptor afferent fibres

60
Q

what does the cerebellum receive input from?

A

proprioreceptors, visual and auditory systems

61
Q

what are cerebellar disorders characterised by?

A

loss of co-ordination

62
Q

what are the cerebellar disorders?

A

unsteady gait, imprecise actions, inability to co-ordinate alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles, intention tremor

63
Q

what are muscle contractions controlled by?

A

inputs from variety of receptors

64
Q

what are stretch reflexes mediated by?

A

muscle spindles

Locomotor System BDS1 (8 decks)

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