Bones and Joints Flashcards
what 2 bits are bones divided into?
the middle and the sides
what side of the arm is the radius on?
the thumb side
what is the structure of the upper and lower body bone structure?
1 bone - 2 bones - many bones
what does costal cartilage help do?
link bones to the ribcage
what is diaphysis?
main shaft where the marrow is
what is yellow marrow?
fat
what happens in the epiphysis?
growth which allows the long bones to grow and develop
where is the epiphysis?
where the bone end joins to another bone
what does compact bone give?
good tensile strength
what are the 3 types of joint?
synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
describe the movement of the synovial joint
extensive, smooth movement
what cartilage is the synovial joint made of?
smooth cartilage
what does the cartilage in the synovial joint ensure?
that there’s no friction when the bones move
where is synovial fluid?
in the capsule of the synovial joint
what does synovial fluid ensure and what happens if their are any disturbances?
the smooth movement of the joint and any disturbances causes swelling and discomfort
do fibrous joints have a synovial cavity?
no
what is the fibrous joint held together by?
dense connective tissue
what movements do fibrous joints initially have before they are fixed in place?
they initially slide over each other
where can fibrous joints be found?
the sutures of the skull and the syndesmoses
what do cartilaginous joints not have?
a synovium
what are cartilaginous joints held together by?
cartilage
where can you find cartilaginous joints?
pelvis
describe the movement of the cartilaginous joint
little movement
what are synovial joints made up of?
bones, articular (hyaline) cartilage, marginal (fibro) cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, ligaments, tendons, muscles
what do ligaments do in the synovial joint?
hold everything together, they are passive stabilisers
what do tendons do in the synovial joint?
they are active stabilisers
what do muscles do in the synovial joint?
they move the joint
where is the synovial fluid secreted from?
the synovial membrane
what does the lack of movement in the sutures of the skull allow?
skull growth to adulthood
what does the coronal suture link?
frontal to parietal bones
how long does the anterior fontanel take to close?
2 months after birth
how long does the posterior fontanel take to close?
2 years
what is a symphysis?
a cartilaginous joint, bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage, disc of fibrinocatilage in between e.g. pelvis, sternum and ribs
what are synchondroses?
hyaline cartilage between bones that haven’t completely fused together yet
what bones have sinuses in them?
frontal, maxilla, sphenoid and ethmoid
what is the weakest point of the skull?
the pterion
why is the spine S shaped?
because every time we walk we fall over
what are the regions of the spine?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrum
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
C1-C7
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
T1-T12
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
L1-L5
how many sacrum segments of the spine are there?
5
what part of the spine contains the spinal cord
vertebral foramen
where do spinal nerves exit vertebral canals?
through vertebral foramina
how do you know where C7 is?
it is the lump at the back of the neck
what are intervertebral discs made of?
water
what are the bones of the pelvis?
iliac, pubic, ischium, superior pubic ramus, inferior pubic ramus, symphysis pubis
what is the symphysis pubis?
the cartilaginous joint joining the right and left sides of the pelvis
what are the 3 parts of the upper arm?
clavicle, scapula and humerus
where is the humerus?
between the radius and ulna
what is supination?
turning your arm so the palm of your hand is facing upwards
what is pronation?
turning your arm so the palm of your hand is facing downwards
how many bones are in the hand?
27
how many carpal bones in the hand?
8
how many metacarpals in the hand?
5
how many phalanges in the hand?
14
why is the hip joint the most stab;le?
because of the acetabulum being really well set inwards
what is the most fragile part of the hip joint?
femoral neck
what leg bone does not form part of the knee joint?
fibula
what are the long bones of the leg?
femur, tibia and fibula
how many bones are in the feet?
26
what are the three different sets of bones in the foot?
tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges
