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Locomotor System BDS1 > Senses and Perceptions > Flashcards

Senses and Perceptions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main pieces of information needed to know about a sense?

A

what is it, how big is it, how long and where

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2
Q

what do specific sensory receptors do?

A

convert a stimulus into an electrical action potential and specific sensory pathways help transmit the information

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3
Q

in a sensory nerve cell what is released once the action potential reaches the CNS?

A

glutamate which activates the sensory neurons in the pathway

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4
Q

what is the structure of a sensory nerve cell?

A

receptor, axon and cell body

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5
Q

what are the different types of stimuli?

A

mechanical, thermal, noxious, chemical, light, sound, limb position, blood pressure

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6
Q

what are the different types of receptor?

A

mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptor, nociceptor, chemoreceptor, photoreceptor, proprioreceptor and baroreceptor

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7
Q

what are the different sensations?

A

touch, hot/cold, pain, taste/smell, sight/vision, hearing, spatial awareness

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8
Q

what does it mean if a receptor is modality specific

A

it only responds to a certain type of stimulus (vision, touch, pain etc.)

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9
Q

what is the transduction of a stimulus?

A

change to an electrical impulse

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10
Q

what are the stimulus properties?

A

quality, intensity, duration and location

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11
Q

what does coding of stimulus properties allow?

A

allows you to get a sense of the stimuli you get

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12
Q

what defines a neurons receptive field?

A

the distribution of the nerve endings (receptors) on the end of peripheral nerve branches

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13
Q

what do peripheral branches of the same axon do?

A

encapsulate a region of skin and if a stimulus falls into the region the neuron can generate a signal

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14
Q

why do receptor fields overlap?

A

for maximal coverage of sensation to skin regions

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15
Q

what happens to the receptor fields the further from the core?

A

the smaller they are and the greater degree of overlapping (e.g. more overlapping in fingers than upper arm)

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16
Q

what happens to the receptor fields if you move more proximally?

A

they are much larger and don’t overlap as much

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17
Q

what is two point discrimination?

A

the ability to discern two separate mechanical stimuli; a measure of spatial resolution and an indicative of receptive field size

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18
Q

what is the density of sensory input of small receptor fields?

A

high density of sensory input

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19
Q

what happens if a stimulus is applied in overlapping fields?

A

generation of two stimulus from two points

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20
Q

what happens if two stimuli are applied within the same receptor field?

A

the generation of action potentials in one sensory neuron which is perceived as being a single stimulus

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21
Q

comment on the receptor density around the mouth

A

there is a high density of receptors

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22
Q

what happens once a stimulus acts on an axon?

A

change in receptor membrane permeability - influx of cations - depolarisation: receptor potential - action potential

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23
Q

what happens once an action potential is generated?

A

it is converted centrally into CNS to innervate sensory pathways

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24
Q

what causes depolarisation?

A

molecular or ionic basis

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25
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms for signal transduction?

A

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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26
Q

describe mechanoreceptor activation

A

the pores are usually closed, they are joined to subellular structures that are bound to the membrane, a force is applied down on the membrane which pulls the subcellular structures (flexion of the cell membrane) and opens the pore

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27
Q

what is an ionotropic channel

A

direct passage of ions into and out of the cell

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28
Q

how are G-protein coupled channels activated?

A

the receptor ending is distal to the pore itself and the whole protein is interconnected, when the signal comes phosphorylation occurs which opes the channel

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29
Q

what chemoreceptor channel is easier to deactivate and what does this mean?

A

ionotropic are easier to deactivate meaning that the G-protein ones are more likely to stay on for longer

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30
Q

what are the two different types of chemoreceptor channel?

A

ionotropic and G-protein coupled

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31
Q

what is stimulus intensity coded by?

A

frequency of AP discharge, numbers of neurons activated

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32
Q

what does increased stimulus intensity mean in terms of AP frequency?

A

increased AP frequency

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33
Q

what is stimulus duration coded by?

A

duration of AP firing

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34
Q

what allows us to differentiate between different signals

A

the fact that different receptors have different thresholds

35
Q

what type of pain does a slow adapting neuron give?

A

dull pain

36
Q

what type of neuron fibre is slow adapting?

A

slow adapting C fibres

37
Q

what type of pain does a rapidly adapting neuron give?

A

sharp pain

38
Q

what type of neuron is a rapidly adapting neuron?

A

rapidly adapting nociceptors

39
Q

what are the two different location types?

A

cortical and topographical

40
Q

what is cortical representation

A

receptor fields lead to recruitment of cortical circuits in the brain region

41
Q

what is topographical representation?

A

body map corresponding to particular regions in the brain

42
Q

what are receptors

A

peripheral endings of sensory neurons

43
Q

where do axons of sensory neurons go?

A

they enter the CNS and connect to other neurons

44
Q

what are neurons with the same functions grouped into?

A

bundles or pathways

45
Q

what are primary receiving areas?

A

areas in the brain where the neural pathways terminate

46
Q

where do pain fibres recruit their circuits from?

A

outer parts of the brain

47
Q

where do touch fibres recruit their circuits from?

A

inner parts of the brain

48
Q

what does a peripheral nerve do?

A

innervate specific body regions

49
Q

what axons does a peripheral nerve contain?

A

some contain only sensory axons and others also have motor axons

50
Q

where is the brachial plexus and what does it do?

A

found in the shoulder and is responsible for the innervation of the upper limb

51
Q

what are the branches of the brachial plexus?

A

axillar, musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar, median

52
Q

where is the epineurium and what does it do?

A

it touches the outer connective tissue and allows mechanical protection

53
Q

where is the perineurium?

A

surrounding the axons inside the fascicle

54
Q

what are the different peripheral nerves?

A

A alpha, A beta, A delta and C

55
Q

describe the A alpha nerve

A

thickest, conduction of AP happens really quickly

56
Q

what does the A alpha nerve do?

A

innervate muscle and relay sensory information from muscles about muscle tension

57
Q

describe the A beta nerve

A

the myelin sheath is a bit thinner so the conduction is not as quick as A alpha

58
Q

what is the A beta nerve involved in?

A

perception of mechanosensation of the skin

59
Q

describe the A delta nerve

A

small axon diameter, thinnest myelination so very slow conduction

60
Q

what does the A delta nerve do?

A

convey dull aching pain

61
Q

describe the C nerve

A

no myelin sheath, small diameter, very slow transduction

62
Q

what does the C nerve do?

A

convey dull aching pain

63
Q

where do sensory axons enter the CNS?

A

via dorsal roots

64
Q

where are the cell bodies of sensory axons located?

A

in the dorsal root ganglia

65
Q

where do motor axons exit the CNS?

A

via the ventral roots

66
Q

what parts of the trigeminal nerve are for sensory functions only?

A

ophthalmic branch and maxillary branch

67
Q

what part of the trigeminal nerve has sensory and motor functions?

A

mandibular branch

68
Q

what sense does the mechanoreception pathway serve?

A

touch

69
Q

what sense does the nociception pathway serve?

A

pain

70
Q

what neurons compose the sensory neuron pathway?

A

3 interconnected neurons - primary sensory, secondary sensory and tertiary sensory

71
Q

where does the primary sensory neuron in the sensory pathway sit?

A

it sits in the periphery but projects into the CNS

72
Q

describe the mechanoreception (somatic) pathway that the neurons take on the way to brain

A

primary sensory neuron sends a side branch to the dorsal horn but the axon continues up and terminates in the brainstem - secondary sensory neuron projects to the side before projecting to thalamus where it synapses and connects to third sensory neuron

73
Q

what is the difference between somatic mechanoreception and mechanoreception in the trigeminal nerve

A

with the trigeminal nerve, the primary nerve goes straight to the brainstem and not the spinal cord

74
Q

what is the medial lemniscal pathway?

A

the dorsal column that the primary neuron travels up towards the brainstem

75
Q

what is the trigeminothalamic pathway?

A

the pathway that the trigeminal nerve takes to get to the brainstem

76
Q

describe the nociception (somatic) pathway that the nerve takes on the way to the brain

A

primary sensory neuron goes straight to spinal cord and synapses to the secondary neuron which goes to the brain and synapses in the thalamus to the third neuron

77
Q

what is the spinothalamic pathway?

A

the pathway that the somatic nociception neurons follow - with the first synapse being in the spinal cord rather than the brainstem

78
Q

what is the difference between somatic nociception and trigeminal nerve nociception?

A

with trigeminal nerve nociception the primary neuron goes straight to the brainstem where it synpases with the secondary neuron

79
Q

what is the difference between the posterior and the anterior trigeminothalamic pathways?

A

the anterior is for nociception (perception of pain on the face) and the posterior is for mechanoreception (touch)

80
Q

what is the sensory homunculus?

A

the brains perceptions of senses

81
Q

why is the brain image of senses distorted?

A

the more sensory neurons that supply an area, the more brain space allocated in the cortex, areas with high density of receptors are represented more widely in the cortex

82
Q

what is stereognosis?

A

the ability to recognise objects by the feel alone

83
Q

what does stereognosis involve

A

requires a 3D mental image and the need to compare with previous experiences

Locomotor System BDS1 (8 decks)

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