Locomotion Flashcards
what is the function of the skeletal system?
provides our basic shape, provides our support for the body, allows the muscular system to produce movement, protection of vital organs, holds us upright and makes sure everything is in the right place
what are the two functional parts of the skeletal system?
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
what does the axial part of the skeleton consist of?
head, neck and trunk
what does the appendicular part of the skeleton consist of?
limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle
what is cartilage?
resilient, semirigid connective tissue
where is cartilage?
in areas for flexibility e.g. joints
what does articular cartilage do?
reduce friction
why does arthritis occur?
because articular cartilage wears away
comment on the vascularity of cartilage
avascular and gets blood supply from the outside
what are the functions of bone?
support, protection, mechanical basis, storage and production of new cells
what does bone store?
calcium
why is calcium needed?
to make sure the muscles contract and nerves conduct properly
where are new cells produced in the bone?
at the top and bottom of the bone
what are the two types of bone?
compact and spongy
describe the fibres in compact bone
squashed together and tightly packed together
describe the fibres in spongy bone
lots of spaces in between the fibres
what is the strength in compact bone for?
weight bearing
where is compact bone found in long bones?
down the middle of the shaft
what elevations do long bones have?
ridges, crests and tubercles
what shape are long bones and give examples of them?
tubular - femur, tibia, ulna, radius
what shape are short bones and give examples of them?
cuboidal - tarsus and carpus
what is the function of flat bones and give examples
protection - bones of skull (parietal, frontal, occipital and temporal)
what are irregular bones?
bones that don’t fit into any classifications e.g. bones of the face
where are the sesamoid bones and give an example
sit inside ligaments and an example is the patella
what is the periosteum?
where the blood vessels get in
what are bone markings?
where tendons, ligaments or fascia is attached, and where arteries lie adjacent
what is a bone formation?
passage of a tendon to improve leverage
what is a capitulum and give an example of the bone it is found on
the knob at the end of a bone/cartilage e.g. humerus
what is a condyle and give an example of the bone it is found on
rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming articulation with another bone e.g. femur
what is a crest and give an example of the bone
raised or prominent part of the edge of a bone, often where connective tissue attaches muscle to bone e.g. iliac crest
what is an epicondyle?
protuberance above or on the condyle of a long bone
what is a facet and give an example
small joints located between and behind adjacent vertebrae e.g. vertebra
what is a foramen and give an example of where one is found
an opening, hole or passage e.g. base of skull
what is a fossa and give an example of one
a depression or hollow e.g. scapula
what is a groove and give an example of what bone this is found on
furrow in the bone surface which runs along the length of a vessel or nerve, providing space to avoid compression by adjacent muscle or external forces e.g. humerus
what is a head and give an example?
proximal end of the bone e.g femoral
what is a line and give an example of which bone it can be found on
narrow ridge of bone e.g. tibia
what is a malleolus and give an example of what bones they are found on
bony prominence on each side of the human ankle e.g. tibia and fibula
what is a notch and give an example of where this is found
v-shaped indentation e.g. pelvis
what is a protuberance and give an example of what bone this can be found on
something that sticks out e.g. occipital bone
what is a spine and give an example of where this is
column of bone e.g. scapula
what is the spinous process and state where this is found
bony projections off the posterior of each vertebra e.g. vertebra
what are trochanters and what bone are the found on
any of several bony protuberances by which muscles are attached to the upper part of the thigh bone e.g. femur
what is a trochlea and where is it found?
an anatomical structure resembling a pulley, the articular surface of the bone e.g. humerus
what is a tubercle and give an example of which bone it can be found on
small rounded projection or protuberance e.g. humerus
what is a tuberosity and where can it be found
large prominence on a bone usually serving for the attachment of muscles or ligaments e.g. tibia
what is the external occipital protuberance
the bit at the back of your head (bony lump)
what is the spine of scapula?
long line at back of scapula
why is the neck of the humerus more prone to fractures?
it is smaller and weaker
what bone is damaged in a hip fracture?
the neck of the femur
what is the greater sciatic notch?
indentation in the hip
what is the obturator foramen
hole where the obturator nerve comes through to supply the femur
what is the medial plane?
plane down the middle with equal left and right hand sides
what is the sagittal plane?
unequal left and right hand sides
what is the frontal/coronal plane
either equal or unequal front and back
what is the transverse/axial plane
perpendicular to all the other ones, used for CT scans
what does superficial mean?
something on the surface
what does deep mean?
deep under the surface
what does intermediate mean?
muscles because they are in between superficial and deep
what does proximal mean?
towards the centre
what does distal mean?
away from the centre
what does flexion mean?
reduction of joint angle, where there is not an obvious reduction it is where is is moved forwards, flexion of wrist is down, extension is upwards
what plane does supination and pronation refer to?
when it is going through the middle finger
what is abduction?
moving something away from the centre of the body
what is adduction
moving something inwards towards the body
what is lateral rotation?
spinning outwards
what is circumduction
being able to rotate upper limb 360degrees, being able to do all the movements at the same time, allows lower limbs to completely turn and change direction
what does mechanical arrangement mean?
minimal muscular activity
what is tonic contraction
when you are standing still
what is the swing phase of the gait cycle?
when you are unstable and you fall forward when you walk
