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Neuro Test 3 > voluntary motion > Flashcards

voluntary motion Flashcards

1
Q

cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • supplementary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • pre-frontal cortex
  • parietal cortex
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2
Q

What enables us to complete motor acts based on visual input?

A

dorsal visual pathway that contains axons from the occipital cortex to the parietal/frontal cortex

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3
Q

Where is information relayed to from the visual cortex?

A

parietal cortex: V6A, PEc, MIP, and VIP

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4
Q

PEc

A

caudal area PE of posterior parietal cortex

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5
Q

MIP

A

medial intraparietal area

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6
Q

VIP

A

ventral intraparietal area

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7
Q

role of VIP in voluntary movement

A

creates a rough map of the space around you

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8
Q

Where is the info sent from the VIP?

A

to F4 within the premotor cortex

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9
Q

role of F4 in voluntary movement

A

creates a detailed map of the space around you

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10
Q

What are neurons in F4 excited by?

A

proximity

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11
Q

What receives info from the visual cortex about where you are in space?

A

superior parietal cortex V6a

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12
Q

Where does the superior parietal cortex send info?

A

F2 in the premotor cortex

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13
Q

role of F2 in voluntary movement

A

map of location of your arm in relation to your body and things around you

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14
Q

response role of anterior intraparietal area and PFG

A
  • seeing an object to grasp
  • grasping an object
  • both seeing and grasping an object
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15
Q

Where do anterior intraparietal area and PFG relay info?

A

to F5

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16
Q

What do F5 neurons fire for?

A

the GOAL of the action, not the action itself

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17
Q

Is a visual pathway required for reaching and/or grasping an object?

A

yes - dorsal visual pathway

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18
Q

Are areas of parietal cortex required for reaching and/or grasping an object?

A

reaching: V6a, PEc, MIP, VIP
grasping: AIP cortex, PFG

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19
Q

Is the creation of maps required for reaching and/or grasping an object?

A

reaching: yes
grasping: no

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20
Q

What creates the map of space (with object) for reaching?

A

VIP - rough

F4 - detailed

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21
Q

What creates the map of body for reaching?

A

F2

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22
Q

Is awareness of the goal required for reaching and/or grasping an object?

A

reaching - no

grasping - yes, via F5

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23
Q

Is the encoding of motor act required for reaching and/or grasping an object?

A

no for both

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24
Q

What is the role of the premotor cortex in voluntary motion?

A
  • receives the sensory information required to move (F4 and F5)
  • dorsal - applies rules that determine whether it is appropriate to move
  • ID the intent of moving and decides what motion to produce

“is it ok to move?”
“ID motion required to meet goal”

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25
Q

divisions of the supplementary motor cortexx

A
  • supplementary motor area (SMA)

- pre-supplementary area (pre-SMA)

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26
Q

role of SMA in voluntary motion

A

postural control

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27
Q

role of pre-SMA in voluntary motion

A

plans the motor program required to make the action occur

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28
Q

role of supplementary motor cortex in voluntary motion

A
  • organize motor sequences
  • acquire motor skills
  • executive control (particularly the decision to switch actions/strategies)

“posture”
“ID specific sequence required”
“changes tactics”

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29
Q

role of primary motor cortex in voluntary motion

A
  • precentral gyrus
  • controls specific movements
  • regions of body that do fine motions have proportionately higher representation
  • arranged in columns

“codes individual motions required to reach the goal”

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30
Q

What does stimulation of a column produce?

A

specific movement

31
Q

fine motor control is more likely to be contraction of ____

A

a single muscle

32
Q

a column that produces a general motion, such as a movement in your back, may be the contraction of ____

A

a group of muscles

33
Q

What layer of the primary motor cortex receives sensory input (muscle and joint proprioceptors)?

A

layer 4

34
Q

What layer of the primary motor cortex is the output for the corticospinal pathway?

A

layer 5

35
Q

What are the functions of the 2 sets of neurons in each column?

A

one to start the motion, and one to maintain the motion

36
Q

neighboring columns control _____

A

related motions

37
Q

What are the two kinds of columns?

A
  1. on/off for agonist muscle

2. on/off for antagonist muscle

38
Q

role of the cerebellum

A
  • sequence complex actions
  • correct force/direction
  • balance and eye movements
  • learning of complex actions
39
Q

spinocerebellum

A

vermis: postural control
paravermis: force and direction

40
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

lateral regions
-plan complex motions and sequence
“playing music”

41
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A
  • balance and eye movements

- future planning

42
Q

Where do outputs from the cerebellum go?

A

deep cerebellar nuclei: dentate nucleus, fastigial nucleus, interpositus - globose and emboliformis

43
Q

inputs to central region of spinocerebellum

A

vestibular
visual and auditory
efferent copy (what brain sends to muscle)

44
Q

central region of spinocerebellum function

A

postural adjustments to ongoing motions

45
Q

outputs to central region of spinocerebellum

A

interpositus nucleus
fastigial nucleus
rubrospinal tract

46
Q

lateral regions of spinocerebellum function

A

correct ongoing motions and control ballistic motions

47
Q

inputs to lateral region of spinocerebellum

A 
muscle afferent
efferent copy (what brain sends to muscle)
48
Q

outputs of lateral region of spinocerebellum

A

interpositis nucleus

rubrospinal tract

49
Q

function of cerebrocerebellum

A

sequencing of rapid movements and planning of complex motions

50
Q

inputs to cerebrocerebellum

A

all regions of cerebral cortex

51
Q

outputs of cerebrocerebellum

A

dentate and cortex

52
Q

function of vestibulocerebellum

A

control of eye movement and balance, particularly in the future

53
Q

input of vestibulocerebellum

A

vestibular apparatus

54
Q

output of vestibulocerebellum

A

fastigial nucleus to vestibular nuclei

ascend or descend

55
Q

role of the basal ganglia

A

planning and programming of movement

initiation of movement

56
Q

how do basal ganglia work?

A

inhibition and withdrawal of that inhibition (to start movement) called “excess of GABA”

57
Q

nigrostriatal path

A

from SNPC

  • tonically active
  • dopaminergic
  • to striatum
58
Q

What receptors are in the direct pathway?
Excited by?
Motion?

A
  • D1
  • dopamine
  • allows motion
59
Q

What receptors are in the indirect pathway?
Excited by?
Motion?

A
  • D2
  • EAA/Ach
  • inhibits
60
Q

striatonigal pathway

A
  • GABA-ergic
  • axons from striatum project to the SNPR and GPi
  • presynaptic terminal releases GABA in the SNPR and GPi
  • inhibition of the neurons in the SNPR and GPi
  • “direct pathway”
61
Q

direct pathway

A
  • SNPC releases dopamine within striatum (nigrostriatal pathway)
  • axons from the striatum project to the SNPR and GPi
  • those axons release GABA
  • axons from the SNPR and GPi project to the thalamus and release GABA
62
Q

indirect pathway

A
  • axons from the striatum project to the external segment of the Globus Pallidus and release GABA
  • axons from the GPe travel to the subthalamic nucleus and release GABA
  • axons from the subthalamic nucleus travel to the SNPR and GPi and release EAA
  • axons from the SNPR and GPi travel to the thalamus and release GABA
63
Q

intrastrialtal cholinergic system

A
  • between nuclei of the striatum
  • effects: excitatory
  • excites indirect pathway
64
Q

How is the indirect pathway activated?

A
  1. intrastriatal cholinergic pathway

2. EAA inputs from the cortex

65
Q

prefrontal cortex voluntary motion functions

A
  1. planning of complex motor actions

2. carrying out of “thought” processes

66
Q

how does the prefrontal cortex plan complex motor actions?

A

interacts with parieto-temporal-occipital association area and all levels of motor cortex and cerebellum

67
Q

What areas are required for the planning of complex motion?

A
  • frontal association area
  • supplementary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • cerebrocerebellum
68
Q

Interactions between what areas determine IF motion will occur?

A
  • frontal
  • premotor
  • SMC
  • basal ganglia
69
Q

What steps must happen prior to the primary motor cortex being activated?

A
  • plan
  • sequence
  • “approved”
70
Q

Where do action potentials travel from the primary motor cortex?

A

down axons of pyramidal cells and activate the alpha-motor neurons that innervate muscles needed to complete motion

71
Q

What opposes every motion we make?

A

muscle spindle

72
Q

How does the brain oppose the opposition from muscle spindles?

A

using gamma-motor neurons to “trick” the muscle spindle sensitivity so that the muscle spindle doesn’t change its firing rate despite a change of overall muscle length

  • actives alpha-motor neurons + gamma motor neurons of the agonist
  • inhibits alpha motor neurons + gamma motor neurons of antagonist
73
Q

What makes sure the motion is correct one the motion has started?

A

spinocerebellum

Neuro Test 3 (11 decks)

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