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Neuro Test 3 > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. coordinate movements
  2. maintain posture
  3. motor learning - procedural memory
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2
Q

molecular layer of cerebellum

A
  • lies next to pial surface and has few neurons

- cell bodies of basket cells and stellate cells

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3
Q

purkinje layer of cerebellum

A

-purkinje cell bodies

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4
Q

granular layer of cerebellum

A
  • deepest

- granule cells and a few golgi cells

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5
Q

white matter of cerebellum

A

axons of neurons

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6
Q

purkinje cells

A
  • output cells from cerebellar cortex
  • inhibit the cerebellar nuclei and the vestibular nuclei
  • GABA
  • highly differentiated with many dendrites
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7
Q

granule cells

A
  • smallest neurons
  • only excitatory neurons
  • Glutamate
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8
Q

stellate cells

A
  • axons synapse only with purkinje cells and inhibit them

- star shaped dendrites

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9
Q

golgi cells

A
  • inhibitory
  • GABA
  • largest scattered neurons with short axons
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10
Q

basket cells

A
  • axons synapse with purkinje cells and inhibit them

- GABA

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11
Q

afferent fibers

A
  • climbing fibers

- mossy fibers

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12
Q

climbing fibers

A
  • from inferior olive
  • myelinated with excitatory influence on purkinje cells
  • convey info regarding movement errors to the cerebellum
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13
Q

mossy fibers

A
  • from spinal cord, reticular formation, vestibular system, and pontine nuclei
  • synapse with granulocytes
  • convey somatosensory and cerebral cortex motor info to cerebellum
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14
Q

vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)

A
  • functional name for flocculonodular lobe
  • input: vestibular apparatus and visual areas
  • output: vestibular nuclei
  • function: infleunce eye movements and postural muscles of head and body
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15
Q

What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  • vestibulocerebellum/archicerebellum: eye movement and neck/trunk movement
  • spinocerebellum/paleocerebellum: axial and LE movements, gait and station
  • pontocerebellum/neocerebellum: precise, coordinated movments of extremities, mainly UE
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16
Q

spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)

A
  • functional name for vermis and paravermal region
  • input: somatosensory info, visual, auditory, and vestibular info
  • output: medial UMN, lateral UMN
  • function: control ongoing movement via brainstem descending tracts
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17
Q

pontocerebellum (neocerebellum)

A
  • input: cerebral cortex (premotor, sensorimotor, and others) via pontine nuclei
  • output: motor and premotor cortex
  • function: coordination of voluntary movements, planning of movements, and timing
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18
Q

What nuclei does the vestibulocerebellum send to?

A
  • fastigial nucleus

- vestibular nucleus

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19
Q

What nuclei does the spinocerebellum send to?

A
  • dentate nucleus
  • globose and emboliform nuclei
  • fastigial nucleus
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20
Q

What nuclei does the cerebrocerebellum send to?

A
  • dentate nucleus

- globose and emboliform nuclei

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21
Q

What afferent fiber pathways enter the cerebellum through the vestibular system?

A
  • vestibular nuclei

- CN VIII

22
Q

What afferent fiber pathways enter the cerebellum through the spinal cord?

A
  • anterior spinocerebellar tract
  • posterior spinocerebellar tract
  • cuneocerebellar tract
23
Q

What afferent fiber pathways enter the cerebellum through the cerebral cortex?

A
  • cortico-pontocerebellar
  • cortico-olivocerebellar
  • cortico-reticulocerebellar
24
Q

What fiber pathways relay unconscious proprioception about limb movement?

A
  • posterior spinocerebellar tract

- cuneocerebellar tract

25
Q

posterior spinocerebellar tract

A
  • axons carrying unconscious proprioception from lower limb
  • 1st order neuron enters via DRG and ascends in gracile fasciculus
  • synapse in nucleus dorsalis of Clark (gray matter C8-L2)
  • 2nd order neuron ascends in dorsolateral funiculus (posterior spinocerebellar tract)
  • enters cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
26
Q

cuneocerebellar tract

A
  • axons carrying unconscious proprioception from upper limb
  • 1st order neuron enters DRG and ascends cuneate fasciculus
  • synapses in accessory (external/lateral) cuneate nucleus (lower medulla)
  • 2nd order neuron from accessory cuneate nucleus ascends to cerebellum and enters via the inferior cerebellar nucleus
27
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A
  • afferent fibers enter crebellum and efferent fibers leave the cerebellum
  • superior, middle, and inferior
28
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A
  • major Efferent route from the globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei
  • Afferent fibers from ventral (anterior) spinocerebellar tract run here too
29
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A
  • largest peduncle

- afferent fibers from pontine nuclei relayed to cortex

30
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

-primarily afferent pathways from spinal cord

31
Q

deep nuclei

A
  • fastigial
  • globose
  • emoliform
  • dentate
32
Q

Where does the fastigial nucleus send to?

A
  • vestibular nuclei

- pontine reticular formation and medullary reticular formation

33
Q

Where does dentate nucleus send to?

A

red nucleus and thalamus

34
Q

Where does the globose adn emboliform nuclei send to?

A

red nucleus and thalamus

35
Q

What side do unilateral cerebellar lesions affect?

A

ipsilateral

36
Q

ataxia

A
  • common to all lesions of cerebellum

- voluntary, normal strength, jerky, and inaccurate movements not associated with hyperstiffness

37
Q

lesions of the vestibulocerebellum

A
  • connections between the vestibular system and the flocculonodular lobe
  • nystagmus
  • truncal ataxia: difficulty maintaining sitting and standing balance
  • truncal instability (titubation)
  • can’t tandem walk
38
Q

lesions of spinocerebellum

A
  • connections between the cutaneous and proprioceptive information coming from the spinal cord to the vermis and paravermis regions
  • gait and truncal ataxia: wide base staggering base
39
Q

midline ataxia

A

-ataxic syndromes caused by vestibulocerebellar and spinocerebellar disease
truncal instability
-titubation
-gait ataxia

equilibratory (gait) ataxias
-gait ataxia

40
Q

titubation

A

tremor of the trunk in an anterior-posterior plane at 3-4 Hz

41
Q

gait ataxia

A

wide based, irregular steps with lateral veering

42
Q

lesions of the cerebrocerebellum

A
  • dysarthria
  • ataxic gait: fall toward lesion
  • decomposition of movements
  • dysdiadochokinesia
  • dysmentria
  • action tremor
43
Q

dysdiadochokinesia

A

inability to rapidly alternate movements

44
Q

dysmetria

A

inability to accurately move an intended distance

45
Q

action tremor

A

shaking of the limb during voluntary movement

46
Q

appendicular ataxia

A
  • dysfunction of the cerebellar hemispheres results in ataxia of the extremities
  • ataxia of speech (scanning dysarthria)
  • hypotonia
  • decomposition of movement
  • dysmetria
  • dysdiadochokinesia
47
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A
  • romberg +
  • unable to stand with feet together (with or without eyes open)
  • normal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes
48
Q

sensory ataxia

A
  • can stand with feet together with eyes open, but not with eyes closed
  • romberg +
  • abnormal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes
49
Q

exam of vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum

A
  • station
  • walking
  • tandem gait
50
Q

exam of cerebrocerebellum

A
  • rapid alternating movements
  • finger-to-nose
  • toe-to-finger
  • heel-to-shin
  • rebound and ceck reflex
  • speech

Neuro Test 3 (11 decks)

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