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Neuro Test 3 > basal ganglia > Flashcards

basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

components of basal ganglia

A
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus: internus and externus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra: pars reticulata and pars compacta
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2
Q

striatum

A
  • caudate

- putamen

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3
Q

lenticular nucleus

A
  • putamen

- globus pallidus

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4
Q

dorsal basal nuclei

A

cuadate
putamen
globus pallidus

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5
Q

ventral striatum

A

nucleus accumbens

olfactory tubercle

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6
Q

ventral pallidum

A

substantia

innominata

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7
Q

striatal complex

A

caudate
putamen
nucleus accumbens
olfactory tubercle

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8
Q

pallidal complex

A

globus pallidus
substantia
innominata

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9
Q

input nuclei

A

caudate
putamen
nucleus accumbens

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10
Q

output nuclei

A

globus pallidus - internal segment
ventral pallidum - output part
substantia nigra pars reticulata

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11
Q

intrinsic nuclei

A 
globus pallidus -external segment
ventral pallidum - intrinsic part
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra pars compacta
ventral tegmental area
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12
Q

direct pathway

A

cortex –glutamate–> putamen –GABA, SP–I GPi SNr – GABA –I thalamus –glutamate –> cortical motor areas

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13
Q

indirect pathway

A

cortex –glutamate –> putamen –GABA, Enk–I GPe –GABA –I STN –glutamate –> GPi, SNr –GABA–I Thalamus –glutamate –> cortical motor areas

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14
Q

skeletomotor loop

A

cerebral cortex: somatic sensory, primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor –> putamen –> GPi, SNr –> thalamic nuclei (ventral anterior, ventral lateral) –> cerebral cortex

-role in the control of facial, limb, and trunk musculature

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15
Q

oculomotor loop

A

posterior parietal prefrontal: frontal eye field, supplementary eye field –> caudate (body) –> SNr, GPi –> ventral anterior and medial dorsal thalamic nuclei –>

-role in control of saccadic eye movements

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16
Q

associative loop

A

posterior parietal, middle and inferior temporal lobe: prefrontal, premotor –> caudate (head) –> SNr, GPi –> ventral anterior, medial dorsal thalamic nuclei –>

-role in cognition and executive behavioral functions

17
Q

limbic loop

A

medial and lateral temporal lobes, hippocampal formation: anterior cingulate gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex –> ventral striatum –> ventral pallidum, GPi and SNr –> medial dorsal and ventral anterior thalamic nuclei

-participates in the motivational regulation of behavior and in emotions

18
Q

Parkinson disease

  • rapid, progressive
  • age
  • what may cause (general)
A
  • progressive disorder
  • age 60
  • environmental toxins
  • substantia nigra pars compacta doesn’t release enough dopamine onto basal ganglia
19
Q

Parkinson disease

  • type of disease
  • symptoms
A
  • hypokinetic disorder
  • resting tremor 4-5 Hz pill rolling
  • rigidity
  • bradykinesia or hypokinesia
  • may affect walking, speech, and facial expression
  • akinesis
  • visuoperceptive impairments
  • cogwheel rigidity = resting tremor + rigidity
  • postural instability and dementia
20
Q

Parkinson disease

-treatment

A
  • drugs to increase dopamine levels
  • drugs to prevent dopamine breakdown
  • surgery to transplant fetal tissue
  • removal of globus pallidus to slow tremors
21
Q

Hypokinetic disorder

-symptoms

A
  • mask-like facial expression
  • pill-rolling tremor
  • flexion of trunk
  • slow, shuffling feet movement
22
Q

bradykinesia

A

slow movement

23
Q

hypokinesia

A

decreasing ROM

24
Q

hypokinetic disorder

A

occur when there is too little direct pathway effect and too much indirect pathway effect

25
Q

akinesis

A

delay in initiation or starting movements

26
Q

cogwheel rigidity

A

resting tremor AND rigidity

27
Q

causes of hypokinetic or parkinsonian syndrome

A
  • idiopathic Parkinson disease
  • Encephalitis lethargica
  • head trauma - dementia pugilistica
  • MPTP - designer drug
  • CO and manganese poisoning
  • drug induced - neuroleptics (dopamine blocking)
  • Wilson disease - hepatolenticular degeneration
  • rigidity plus other deficits in multiple neurodegenerative diseases
28
Q

Huntington’s disease

  • type
  • age
  • cause
A
  • progressive
  • 45 years
  • AD hereditary disorder
  • degeneration of neurons in the striatum (caudate and putamen) and cerebral cortex resulting in decreased GABA
29
Q

Huntington’s disease

-symptoms

A
  • involuntary jerky, rapid movements and dementia
  • increased or decreased muscle tone
  • unsteady gait
  • slurred speech
  • irregular breathing
  • trouble maintaining tongue protrusion
30
Q

Huntington’s disease

-treatment

A

Tetrabenazine (serotonin antagonist)

31
Q

hyperkinetic disoder characteristics

A
  • twitching movements of head
  • grimacing movements in face, lips, and tongue
  • gesticulating movements in distal parts of upper limbs
  • jerking movements in distal parts of lower limbs
32
Q

causes of hyperkinetic disorders

A
  • Huntington disease: loss of medium-sized spiny stellate neurons (GABA neurons of indirect pathway)
  • Sydenham chorea (rheumatic chorea)
  • drug induced
  • lupus erythematous
  • thyrotoxicosis (grave’s disease)
  • part of other neurodegenerative diseases
33
Q

chorea

A

spontaneous, rapid, jerky, arrhythmic involuntary movements which are purposeless or “fragments of motor programs”

34
Q

athetosis

A

inability to sustain the body part in one position. movements are writhering or snake-like. often seen with chorea, hence the term choreoathetosis.

35
Q

ballismus

A

flailing, flinging movmeent of the whole extremity seen in lesions of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

36
Q

dystonia

A

persistence or fixing of the posture at the extreme of an athetoid movement of either the extremities or trunk

Neuro Test 3 (11 decks)

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