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Volume 3 Flashcards

Occupational and Environmental Health (OEH) Risk Assessment: Sampling and Analysis

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1
Q

What is the difference between the Department of Defense (DOD) and Air Force (AF) assessment models?

A

The AF model is an “iterative” approach.

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2
Q

Which phrase most accurately describes the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) exposure model?

A

The AIHA model strives for continuous improvement.

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3
Q

According to the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), to be considered random

A

achieve equal probability of selecting an exposure period for any worker in the similar exposure group (SEG) during the assessment.

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4
Q

What do you do if there is not an established occupational exposure limit (OEL) for a collected sample?

A

Use available data to establish a working OEL.

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5
Q

What type of occupational exposure limit (OEL) is set and enforced by governmental agencies?

A

Regulatory.

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6
Q

A 15-minute time weighted average (TWA) exposure limit designed to limit exposures to substances that could be harmful due to short exposures is known as a

A

short-term Exposure Limit (STEL).

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7
Q

What type of sampling involves collecting a sample from one location over a period of time?

A

Integrated.

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8
Q

Composite sampling is primarily used when sampling

A

soil.

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9
Q

What type of sampling is being conducted if a technician is using a Hazardous Air Pollutants on Site (HAPSITE) to sample at a selected time?

A

Grab.

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10
Q

Sample holding times, preservatives, and collection tool hygiene are things that a technician should be aware of when conducting which type of sampling?

A

Grab.

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11
Q

Three pieces of information used to create a sampling strategy framework are

A

workforce size, sampling accuracy, and measurement method.

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12
Q

When developing an occupational exposure strategy, the purpose of evaluating existing controls is to

A

determine if they are effective.

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13
Q

When determining the analytical method for sampling, it important to contact the appropriate lab you will be using to

A

ensure compatibility of measurement methods.

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14
Q

You are developing a conceptual site model (CSM) to identify type(s) of data needed. Which step of the data quality objectives (DQO) process is being conducted?

A

Step 1-State the problem.

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15
Q

What is the decision rule?

A

If, then, else.

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16
Q

What is the definition of quality control?

A

The steps to be taken to determine the validity of specific sampling and analytical procedures.

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17
Q

The quality of sample data collected depends primarily on the

A

quality of the sample.

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18
Q

Chain of custody means that the possession of samples

A

must be traceable from collection through analysis.`

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19
Q

Developing your flight’s environmental sampling, analysis, and monitoring plan is based on the

A

regulatory requirements for your drinking water system.

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20
Q

Include field blanks along with the liquid samples you send to the laboratory because they

A

check for cross-contamination while handling samples.

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21
Q

Your bioenvironmental engineering (BE) has informed you that you need to collect a water sample that characterizes the water quality at the dining hall at 0900. Which type of sample do you need to collect?

A

Grab.

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22
Q

If you need to determine the residual chlorine content in a drinking water sampling, which piece of equipment would you use?

A

Color comparator.

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23
Q

What type of sampler is best suited to collecting a water sample at various levels from tanks, tank cars and drums?

A

Bacon bomb.

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24
Q

Fluid transfer is best accomplished using a

A

plastic, polyethylene pasteur pipet.

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25
Q

You have just received a new water test kit that you have never used before. What should you do before using the kit the first time?

A

Read manufacturer’s operating instructions.

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26
Q

Which statement best describes how the calibration process works?

A

Compares equipment response against an accurate reference source

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27
Q

When collecting drinking water samples, in what order should you collect them?

A

Metals, chemicals, microbiological.

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28
Q

When sterilizing a water tap, what is the percentage of chlorine solution you should use and how long should the tap be immersed in the solution?

A

percent chlorine solution; 0.5 minutes.

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29
Q

When collecting potable water samples for bacteriological analysis, you should adhere to all of the following guidelines except which one?

A

Always flush out the bottle before taking the sample.

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30
Q

If you ship your bacteriological water samples to an approved laboratory, what is the maximum time between collection and examination?

A

24 hours.

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31
Q

What is the first step you perform when taking a water sample for chlorine analysis?

A

Remove the faucet aerator.

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32
Q

How is total combined chlorine (TCC) determined?

A

Subtracting the Free Available Chlorine (FAC) results from the Total Residual Chlorine (TRC) results.

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33
Q

Drinking water with a high pH level (above 8.5) indicates to you the water

A

can cause aesthetic problems.

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34
Q

What type of water/liquid do you use to calibrate the pH pen?

A

Buffer solution.

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35
Q

What test do you use to obtain qualitative information on whether or not your water sample contains coliforms?

A

Presence/absence method.

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36
Q

When should you take pH and chlorine measurements of the base swimming pool?

A

During the busiest time of the day.

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37
Q

When is the only time you collect bacteriological samples of a hot tub and spa?

A

If an illness occurs as a result of someone using the hot tub or spa.

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38
Q

What action should you take first if the bacteriological quality of the swimming pool water does not meet standards?

A

Collect repeat samples from the sections where you originally took samples.

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39
Q

Why are proper collection protocol and preservation guidelines important elements of a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program?

A

These ensure water quality data is accurate and useful.

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40
Q

In the liquid sampling quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) process, what is the difference between trip blanks and equipment blanks?

A

Trip blanks are provided by the laboratory.

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41
Q

It is important to use a chain of custody form because it helps ensure sample integrity from

A

collection to data reporting.

42
Q

You should seal your liquid sample containers because it

A

helps detect unauthorized tampering of your samples.

43
Q

If any of your sampling equipment was contaminated it could cause

A

invalid sampling results.

44
Q

Why do you need to use caution when using reagents to decontaminate sample equipment?

A

Reagents can leave residue on the sampling equipment.

45
Q

Water sample result interpretation is conducted by

A

comparing results to a selected standard.

46
Q

Which is not a consideration when conducting water sample result interpretation?

A

Correct personnel assigned to task.

47
Q

Sampling results must be properly documented according to

A

the latest data management system.

48
Q

Which statement describes grab sampling?

A

Instantaneous sample to provide a quick estimate of air quality.

49
Q

Integrated sampling is also referred to as

A

Indirect reading or continuous monitoring.

50
Q

Which type of instrument is best suited for determining a life threatening oxygen deficient environment?

A

Oxygen monitors.

51
Q

What type of device is capable of separating mixtures of chemicals into individual components?

A

Gas Chromatographs.

52
Q

What is a common device used for collecting air samples for laboratory analysis?

A

Active sampling pumps.

53
Q

Which is an example of an adsorption device?

A

Sorbent tube.

54
Q

What are the most commonly used devices for particulate sampling?

A

Filters

55
Q

Which device allows separation of particles by size?

A

Cyclone.

56
Q

What is an air sample that is collected for 11 hours of a 12-hour shift?

A

Full-period single.

57
Q

Although the true limits are not to be exceeded, which can be a single sample or a series of consecutive samples totaling 15 minutes?

A

Ceiling.

58
Q

When sampling for vapors, minimum and maximum flow rates are used with a solid sorbent tube to ensure

A

the contaminant will be in contact with collection media long enough to be captured.

59
Q

The recommended flow rate of an example chemical is 0.5 to 1.0 liters per minute (lpm). If you wanted to calculate the minimum amount of time you can sample and still meet the limit of detection, what flow rate would you use?

A

1.0 lpm.

60
Q

When determining the collection volume for an air sample, you would opt to collect less volume of air when

A

concentrations are expected to be high

61
Q

What item must be field checked but cannot be calibrated?

A

Hand-held sampling pump.

62
Q

When should gas and vapor meters be field calibrated?

A

Before and after use.

63
Q

When performing a detector tube system check, how many minutes should you wait after squeezing the pump to look for the end of stroke indicator?

A

15

64
Q

Why is a single “blank” run sufficient as an operational check for the HAPSITE®?

A

The HAPSITE® contains internal gas standards.

65
Q

When setting up the calibration train, you must assemble the sample pump, tubing, primary or secondary standard calibrator and

A

sample media.

66
Q

When performing post sampling calibration, if there is a change in the flow rate use the lowest flow rate for calculating the volume collected because

A

it is the most conservative.

67
Q

To ensure pumps will not be tampered with, who should you discuss the importance of air sampling with before placing your pumps in a fixed location?

A

Workplace supervisor.

68
Q

Blank samples are prepared and shipped along with air samples to

A

determine if any contamination occurred from the time the media was opened until the time it reached the laboratory.

69
Q

How do you prepare a blank?

A

Open and immediately seal the media in the work area.

70
Q

When collecting breathing zone air samples the flow rate changed since you began sampling. As a worst-case measure, which flow rate observed should be used to determine volume collected?

A

Lowest.

71
Q

The scheduled work week has changed to 8 hours per day/6 days a week. Which reduction factor formula should be used to determine the equivalent occupational exposure limit-time weighted average (OEL-TWA)?

A

Weekly.

72
Q

After determining the equivalent occupational exposure limit (OEL), you have to compare it to the sampling results based on the full exposure period. Using the Brief and Scala model, if the work shift was 10 hours a day, you divide the actual time you sampled by how much?

A

10

73
Q

In most cases when you receive air sampling results back from the laboratory you will need to calculate the time weighted average (TWA) and compare the results to the applicable occupational exposure limit (OEL). The laboratory results are in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3); your OEL results are in part per million. In order to compare results, what must you convert your air sampling results to?

A

ppm

74
Q

After the results from mass/volume concentration air sampling are received you find the results are reported in grams. Before you can use the formula to determine mass/volume concentration, you will have to convert the results reported in grams into what measure?

A

milligrams (mg).

75
Q

Field volume refers to

A

volume under field conditions.

76
Q

If you are sampling at a site that is separated from your base, it is prudent to calibrate the air-sampling pump

A

at the site.

77
Q

If you sample for 7 hours of a 10-hour shift and can document that the worker is never exposed during the remaining three hours, you should calculate the time weighted average using which value?

A

10 hours.

78
Q

If you sample for 6 hours of an 8 hour shift and the worker stays in the area after sampling, you should calculate the time weighted average using which value?

A

6 hours.

79
Q

What must you calculate from the sampling and analytical error and your air sampling results to determine whether the time weighted average could be above the occupational exposure limit?

A

Upper confidence limit (UCL).

80
Q

Which would it be prudent to do if the time-weighted average (TWA) is already above the occupational exposure limit (OEL)?

A

Calculate the lower confidence limit (LCL).

81
Q

You should use a compliance factor to consider the effects of exposure to xylene, methyl chloride, and perchloroethylene because the chemicals

A

attack the same organ in the same way.

82
Q

If air sampling showed that a worker is exposed to concentrations of 35 ppm xylene (occupational exposure limit (OEL), 100 ppm), 20 ppm methyl chloride (OEL, 50 ppm), and 25 ppm perchloroethylene (OEL, 50 ppm) and these chemicals have a similar toxicological effect what would be their total atmospheric concentration?

A

80 ppm.

35ppm+20ppm+25ppm=80ppm

83
Q

When considering additive effects of chemicals, the occupational exposure limit (OEL) is exceeded if the compliance factor is which of the following?

A

Greater than one.

84
Q

Using the provided concentrations 20 parts per million (ppm) xylene (occupational exposure limit (OEL), 100 ppm), 20 ppm methyl chloride (OEL, 50 ppm), and 20 ppm perchloroethylene (OEL, 50 ppm), what is the unity for the compliance factor?

A

1.0

=20/100+20/50+20/50
=0.2+0.4+0.4
=1

85
Q

Remediation sampling is conducted to determine

A

if any contamination exists after a cleanup process.

86
Q

What is an important factor to consider when developing a sampling methodology?

A

Where to sample.

87
Q

What are the two types of augers?

A

Bucket and screw.

88
Q

Which sampling device has a major limitation of not being capable of penetrating stony or rocky soil?

A

Veihmeyer tube sampler.

89
Q

If a soil sample is mixed or blended to create an even distribution of the contamination that is in the soil, what type of sample has been collected?

A

Homogenized.

90
Q

Which type of sampling strategy should be used when there is minimal site background information available and there are no visible signs of contamination?

A

Simple random.

91
Q

What type of sampling strategy would be used to investigate large sites that encompass a number of soil types, topographical features, or land uses?

A

Stratified random.

92
Q

What type of grid pattern increases the efficiency of hot spot soil sampling?

A

Triangular.

93
Q

It is important to know how a contaminant interacts within the soil because it

A

Lets you know how deep and how far out from the contamination area to sample.

94
Q

Which type of sample can be used to determine if a particle size is related to contaminant distribution?

A

Sieving.

95
Q

What is the major concern when sampling for volatile organic compounds?

A

Minimizing air contact and loss of vapors with the soil sample.

96
Q

What field analysis device is best used to verify presence or absence?

A

Hazardous material (HAZMAT) identification (ID).

97
Q

What field analysis device can be used to sample for metals?

A

X-ray fluorescence (XRF).

98
Q

The advantage of collecting soil gas samples in the field is it will

A

indicate if there are any volatile organic compounds in the soil.

99
Q

After sampling results have been obtained, how are they interpreted?

A

They are compared to the selected occupational exposure limit (OEL).

100
Q

Which of these is not a consideration when comparing analysis results to a standard?

A

Ensure all individuals potentially affected are listed in supportive documentation.

BIO EOC (6 decks)

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