Volcanology/Volcanoes Flashcards
-The study of volcanoes and its materials and processes.
-What do you call a person who engages in this study?
-Volcanology
-Volcanologist
A naturally occurring landform produced where lava erupts onto Earth’s surface.
Volcano
Why do volcanoes erupt? Explain.
-Due to decompression
-Lighter material tends to rise, especially if there is no pressure hindering it.
-Magma is lighter than the solid rock around it.
Where do volcanoes erupt?
- Pacific RIng of Fire
- Hotspots
- Spreading Centers
-Also called the Pacific Rim, it is a 40,000 km-long zone bordering much of the Pacific Plate and tracing the boundaries of the Indo-Australian, Philippine, North American, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Caribbean, Nazca, and South American Plates.
-It is highly volcanically- and seismically- active having about 75% or around 450 volcanoes located in it, and where 90% of earthquakes occur.
Pacific Ring of FIre
The surface manifestation of hot mantle plumes rising from the mantle, which is believed to originate from the boundary of the mantle and outer core. These manifestations have very active volcanism, high heat flow, and crustal uplifting.
Hotspots
a large expanse of area which resulted from voluminous outflow of basaltic lava that can last up to millions of years.
Flood basalts
What are the three Hotspot classifications according to (Courtillot, 2003)?
- Core-mantle boundary origin
- Upper mantle origin
- Lithospheric Origin
Regions where divergent plate boundaries spread and produce juvenile magma material, creating submarine volcanoes.
Spreading Centers
(Anatomy of a volcano)
An opening on a volcano where a - conduit or a pipe terminates.
Vent
(Anatomy of a volcano)
Also called pipe, is a circular pipe where magma movement is localized.
Conduit
(Anatomy of a volcano)
A funnel-shaped depression found at the summit of most volcanoes.
Crater
(Anatomy of a volcano)
A small cone-shaped volcano formed from a flank eruption from the main volcano.
Parasitic cone
(Anatomy of a volcano)
A large underground region of magma that supplies the volcano.
Magma Chamber
What are the classifications of a volcano according to morphology?
- Shield Volcano
- Stratovolcano
- Pyroclastic Cone
- Caldera*
- Supervolcano*
A type of volcano produced by the accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas and exhibit the shape of a broad, slightly domed structured that resembles a warrior’s shield, with gently sloping flanks, 15° or less.
Give an example.
Shield Volcano
Ex. Mauna Kea
A type of volcano also called Composite volcanoes, built from interlayered tephra and lava flows, generally products of gas-rich andesitic magma. It is gradually sloping, 10° to 30°, and considered as most dangerous and eruptive.
Give an example.
Stratovolcano
Ex. Mayon Volcano
-A type of volcano, composed mostly of loose ejected ash, and some lava, appearing relatively symmetrical and steeply built, with large, deep craters, with most being produced by a single eruptive event.
-What are its two types? Give an example.
Parasitic Cone (Ex. Paricutin Volcano)
-Scoria Cones (composed of vesicular, basaltic material)
-Cinder Cone (composed of various materials)
A large depression, >1km in -
diameter, typically caused by collapse of the summit area of a volcano following a violent eruption, or due to depletion of the magma chamber following the collapse of the overlying material due to the absence of supporting underlying material.
Caldera
A volcano that had an
eruptive history that reached VEI 8.
Supervolcano
A massive - caldera complex in Wyoming, USA, famous for its supervolcano eruptions primarily due to it being hotspot that produces acidic magma and lava.
Yellowstone Supervolcano
What is the tallest, highest, and farthest mountain?
Mauna Kea - tallest, from base to peak
Mt. Everest - Highest Altitude
Mt. Chimborazo - Farthest, furthest from the center of the Earth
Classifications of Volcanoes According to PHIVOLCS. EXPLAINN
- Active Volcano - erupted 600 years ago and has datable material 10,000 years ago. Ex. Mayon Volcano
- Potentially Active Volcano - Geomorphologically young volcano that is no currently erupting but is supposed to erupt again. Ex. Mt. San Cristobal
- Inactive Volcano - Has nbt erupted in the last 10,00 years and is not expected to erupt again. Ex Alligator Lake
CLassifications of Volcanoes according to USGS. Explain.
- Active Volcano - Had erupted at least once in the past 10,00 years. Ex. Agung Volcano
- Dormant Volcano - no history of eruption but is likely to erupt in the future. Ex. Mount Kilimanjaro
- Extinct Volcano - no history of eruption, no possibility of erupting, and does not show any sign of volcanic activity. Ex. Mt. Chimborazo
