Volcanology/Volcanoes

Question 1

-The study of volcanoes and its materials and processes.
-What do you call a person who engages in this study?

Answer 1

-Volcanology
-Volcanologist

Question 2

A naturally occurring landform produced where lava erupts onto Earth’s surface.

Answer 2

Volcano

Question 3

Why do volcanoes erupt? Explain.

Answer 3

-Due to decompression
-Lighter material tends to rise, especially if there is no pressure hindering it.
-Magma is lighter than the solid rock around it.

Question 4

Where do volcanoes erupt?

Answer 4

1. Pacific RIng of Fire
2. Hotspots
3. Spreading Centers

Question 5

-Also called the Pacific Rim, it is a 40,000 km-long zone bordering much of the Pacific Plate and tracing the boundaries of the Indo-Australian, Philippine, North American, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Caribbean, Nazca, and South American Plates.
-It is highly volcanically- and seismically- active having about 75% or around 450 volcanoes located in it, and where 90% of earthquakes occur.

Answer 5

Pacific Ring of FIre

Question 6

The surface manifestation of hot mantle plumes rising from the mantle, which is believed to originate from the boundary of the mantle and outer core. These manifestations have very active volcanism, high heat flow, and crustal uplifting.

Answer 6

Hotspots

Question 7

a large expanse of area which resulted from voluminous outflow of basaltic lava that can last up to millions of years.

Answer 7

Flood basalts

Question 8

What are the three Hotspot classifications according to (Courtillot, 2003)?

Answer 8

1. Core-mantle boundary origin
2. Upper mantle origin
3. Lithospheric Origin

Question 9

Regions where divergent plate boundaries spread and produce juvenile magma material, creating submarine volcanoes.

Answer 9

Spreading Centers

Question 10

(Anatomy of a volcano)
An opening on a volcano where a - conduit or a pipe terminates.

Answer 10

Vent

Question 11

(Anatomy of a volcano)
Also called pipe, is a circular pipe where magma movement is localized.

Answer 11

Conduit

Question 12

(Anatomy of a volcano)
A funnel-shaped depression found at the summit of most volcanoes.

Answer 12

Crater

Question 13

(Anatomy of a volcano)
A small cone-shaped volcano formed from a flank eruption from the main volcano.

Answer 13

Parasitic cone

Question 14

(Anatomy of a volcano)
A large underground region of magma that supplies the volcano.

Answer 14

Magma Chamber

Question 15

What are the classifications of a volcano according to morphology?

Answer 15

1. Shield Volcano
2. Stratovolcano
3. Pyroclastic Cone
4. Caldera*
5. Supervolcano*

Question 16

A type of volcano produced by the accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas and exhibit the shape of a broad, slightly domed structured that resembles a warrior’s shield, with gently sloping flanks, 15° or less.
Give an example.

Answer 16

Shield Volcano
Ex. Mauna Kea

Question 17

A type of volcano also called Composite volcanoes, built from interlayered tephra and lava flows, generally products of gas-rich andesitic magma. It is gradually sloping, 10° to 30°, and considered as most dangerous and eruptive.
Give an example.

Answer 17

Stratovolcano
Ex. Mayon Volcano

Question 18

-A type of volcano, composed mostly of loose ejected ash, and some lava, appearing relatively symmetrical and steeply built, with large, deep craters, with most being produced by a single eruptive event.
-What are its two types? Give an example.

Answer 18

Parasitic Cone (Ex. Paricutin Volcano)
-Scoria Cones (composed of vesicular, basaltic material)
-Cinder Cone (composed of various materials)

Question 19

A large depression, >1km in -
diameter, typically caused by collapse of the summit area of a volcano following a violent eruption, or due to depletion of the magma chamber following the collapse of the overlying material due to the absence of supporting underlying material.

Answer 19

Caldera

Question 20

A volcano that had an
eruptive history that reached VEI 8.

Answer 20

Supervolcano

Question 21

A massive - caldera complex in Wyoming, USA, famous for its supervolcano eruptions primarily due to it being hotspot that produces acidic magma and lava.

Answer 21

Yellowstone Supervolcano

Question 22

What is the tallest, highest, and farthest mountain?

Answer 22

Mauna Kea - tallest, from base to peak
Mt. Everest - Highest Altitude
Mt. Chimborazo - Farthest, furthest from the center of the Earth

Question 23

Classifications of Volcanoes According to PHIVOLCS. EXPLAINN

Answer 23

1. Active Volcano - erupted 600 years ago and has datable material 10,000 years ago. Ex. Mayon Volcano
2. Potentially Active Volcano - Geomorphologically young volcano that is no currently erupting but is supposed to erupt again. Ex. Mt. San Cristobal
3. Inactive Volcano - Has nbt erupted in the last 10,00 years and is not expected to erupt again. Ex Alligator Lake

Question 24

CLassifications of Volcanoes according to USGS. Explain.

Answer 24

1. Active Volcano - Had erupted at least once in the past 10,00 years. Ex. Agung Volcano
2. Dormant Volcano - no history of eruption but is likely to erupt in the future. Ex. Mount Kilimanjaro
3. Extinct Volcano - no history of eruption, no possibility of erupting, and does not show any sign of volcanic activity. Ex. Mt. Chimborazo