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Prelims Petrology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the origin, occurrence, composition, and classification of rocks, including the history and geologic processes related to rocks.

A

Petrology

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2
Q

What is a rock

A

An aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids.

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3
Q

What deals with the generation and origin of rocks.

A

Petrogenesis

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4
Q

Known as “primary rocks” that originated from solidified magma or lava.

A

Igneous rocks

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5
Q

Known as “secondary rocks” which formed as a result of lithified fragments of pre-existing rocks.

A

Sedimentary rocks

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6
Q

Rocks that formed as a result of pre-existing rocks undergoing metamorphism due to being subjected to heat, pressure, and fluids.

A

Metamorphic rocks

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7
Q

A rock that consists of multiple crystals of a SINGLE mineral.

A

Monomineralic rock

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8
Q

A rock that consists of MULTIPLE TYPES of minerals and/or mineraloids.

A

Polymineralic rock

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9
Q

A model showing the relationships and processes origins, between rock types and other geologic materials. (discuss)

A

rock cycle

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10
Q

The sub-branch of Petrology primarily focuses on processes and rocks that are formed from magma and lava.

A

Igneous Petrology

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11
Q

Molten rock material generated by partial melting of Earth’s mantle and crust. It contains liquids, crystals, gases and rock fragments in varying proportions depending upon temperature, pressure and chemistry conditions.

A

Magma

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12
Q

Magma that rises and erupts onto the surface of Earth.

A

Lava

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13
Q

Enumerate the composition of magma

A
  1. Melt
  2. Volatiles
  3. Crystals
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14
Q

The LIQUID portion of the magma.

A

Melt

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15
Q

The GASEOUS portion of the magma (H₂O, CO2, S, CI, F).

A

Volatiles

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16
Q

The SOLID portion of the magma.

A

Crystals

17
Q

What is the process were
the magma or lava looses its heat and crystallizes?
What are the rocks Formed as a result of this process?

A

Crystallization- the process
Igneous Rocks-the product

18
Q

Differentiate plutonic/intrusive and volcanic/extrusive rocks according to the crystal sizes.

A

Plutonic/Intrusive Igneous Rock
- Will tend to have larger crystal sizes as they have time to grow. (coarser-grained)

Volcanic/Extrusive Igneous Rock
- Will tend to have smaller crystal sizes as they rapidly cool and crystallize from the cooler environment. (finer-grained)

19
Q

Igneous rocks that solidified at the surface as a result of extrusion.

A

Volcanic igneous rocks

20
Q

Igneous rocks that formed beneath the surface as a result of loosing mobility.

A

Plutonic igneous rocks

21
Q

-Medium-grained igneous rocks formed at shallow depths under moderate temperature and pressure.
-Give an example.

A

Hypabyssal Rocks
-Ex. Granodiorite

22
Q

The process where your pre-existing rock is heated to the point of ________

A

Partial melting

23
Q

What is partial melting within the Earth’s crust?

A

Anatexis

24
Q

What are the factors determining the types of magma?

A
  1. Composition, temperature and depth of the source rock.
  2. Percent partial melting of the source rock.
  3. Source rock’s previous melting history.
  4. Diversification processes that change the composition of the magma after it leaves the source region.
25
Q

What are the three origins of magma?

A

-Temperature increase
-Decompression melting
-Addition of volatiles

26
Q

Origin of magma where magma is generated through heat transfer from a heated body until the melting point of the minerals present is reached.

A

Temperature increase

27
Q

Increase of temperature with depth

A

Geothermal Gradient
25°C/km

28
Q

-occurs as a result of the decrease in pressure in the system. Since magma behaves like a fluid, it migrates to areas with less pressure.
- the buoyant magma rises to fill in the space of lower pressure areas, common in divergent boundaries

A

decompression melting

29
Q

The presence of volatiles in rocks acts as fluxes, weakening the bonds of atoms in the minerals, such as the Si-O bond, making them easier to melt.
Volatiles play an important role in generating magma at convergent plate boundaries where cool slabs of oceanic lithosphere descend into the mantle.

A

Addition of volatiles

30
Q

Agents that reduce a melting temperature of a substance

A

Flux

Prelims Petrology (10 decks)

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