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Volcanology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is volcanism?

A

It is the process of the formation of magma that move towards the earth’s surface

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2
Q

What are the rock layers in the earth’s crust responsible for?

A

For the formation of volcanoes

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3
Q

What is a volcano?

A

It is a mountain that forms when molten rock erupts

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4
Q

What is magma?

A

It is the first stage in creating a volcano. It is melted rock deep in the crust that is subjected to high amounts of heat and pressure

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5
Q

What happens when lava cools?

A

It solidifies and creates igneous rocks

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6
Q

What is a magma chamber?

A

This is where magma is stored

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7
Q

Where is a magma chamber found?

A

In the mantle

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8
Q

How is magma formed?

A

When heat and pressure melt the rocks found in magma chambers, beneath the earth’s surface

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9
Q

What is a crater?

A

It is the opening of a volcano

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10
Q

What is lava?

A

It is the product of magma as it forms when magma reaches the surface

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11
Q

How does lava cause eruption?

A

It has a high viscosity which resists movement, causing the vents to clog, building up pressure in the volcanoes, causing eruption

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12
Q

What does lava turn into?

A

Pyroclastic materials as it hardens and is being shot into the air

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13
Q

What is a vent?

A

It is the tube-like passageway where magma passes as it reaches the surface/crater, turning into lava

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14
Q

What is a fissure?

A

It is the long cracks in the earth’s crust where lava flows

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15
Q

What are secondary vents?

A

They are side vents where magma can pass through on the side

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16
Q

What are the 3 parts of the earth?

A

Crust, mantle, and core

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17
Q

What is the outermost layer of the earth?

A

Crust

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18
Q

What is the crust?

A

It is the outermost layer in solid-state

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of crusts?

A

Continental and Oceanic Crusts

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20
Q

What is a continental crust?

A

This is where humans are situated as it carries the continents

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21
Q

What is an oceanic crust?

A

This is where sea creatures are situated as it carries the oceans

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22
Q

Where are tectonic plates found?

A

In the crust

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23
Q

How are continental crusts formed?

A

By convergent plate boundaries

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24
Q

How are oceanic crusts formed?

A

By divergent plate boundaries

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25
Q

What is the Pacific plate?

A

It is the largest plate where the Philippines is located

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26
Q

How is the pacific plate formed?

A

By transform plate boundaries

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27
Q

What is the reason why the Philippines is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire?

A

Due to the pacific plate

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28
Q

What is the middlemost layer of the earth?

A

Mantle

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29
Q

What is the mantle?

A

It is the middlemost layer in molten state wherein it is divided into 3 parts

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30
Q

What do the layers of the mantle signify?

A

The convection of heat happening in the mantle

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31
Q

What are the different layers of the mantle?

A
  1. Orange: hottest part (top)
  2. Light Orange: medium hot (middle)
  3. Yellow: least hottest (bottom)
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32
Q

Why is the yellow layer of the mantle the least hot?

A

Because cool air goes down

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33
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

It is the jelly part between the crust and mantle. Most say that it is apart of the mantle

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34
Q

What is the use of the asthenosphere?

A

It is slippery, so it helps the crust remain in solid and stable form

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35
Q

What is the innermost layer of the earth?

A

Core

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36
Q

What are the 2 cores?

A

Outer and Inner Cores

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37
Q

What is the outer core?

A

It is in a liquid state therefore the temperature is very high

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38
Q

What is the inner core?

A

It is in a solid-state despite the extremely high temperature due to the tremendous amount of pressure present

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39
Q

How do volcanoes form?

A

From the eruption of molten rocks, lava flows from vents and builds up a volcanic cone,

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40
Q

What happens after melting in the mantle and crust?

A

Volcanoes release molten rock, ash, and poisonous gas

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41
Q

What are the 3 major zones of volcanic activity?

A

Divergent and Convergent plate boundaries, and hotspots

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42
Q

How do divergent plate boundaries form?

A

When 2 plates move away from each other, creating the vent of the volcano

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43
Q

What occurs in divergent plate boundaries?

A

Convection current

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44
Q

How does convection current occur in divergent plate boundaries?

A

Hot air rises while cold air sinks, causing pressure buildup and movement, resulting to volcanic activities and finally, eruption

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45
Q

What kind of eruptions do divergent plate boundaries produce?

A

Effusive eruptions, meaning active but quiet

46
Q

What type of lava do divergent plate boundaries produce?

A

Basaltic lava

47
Q

How do convergent plate boundaries form?

A

The less-dense plates subduct toward the denser plates, resulting in melting. When 2 plates move toward each other, pressure and movement from melting is emitted, giving rise to volcanic formation.

48
Q

How are trenches formed?

A

Once oceanic plate converges with continental plates

49
Q

What are trenches?

A

Deep part of the ocean

50
Q

What happens as magma interacts with water in convergent plate boundaries?

A

Gases accumulate and magma pressure builds up. The excessive amounts of pressure will then cause the volcano to erupt

51
Q

What kind of eruptions do convergent plate boundaries produce?

A

Violent, meaning erupts without warning

52
Q

What type of lava do convergent plate boundaries produce?

A

Granitic lava

53
Q

What happens if both convergent continental plates subduct?

A

The magma will be buried deep in the crust, hence a volcano will not form

54
Q

What is a hotspot?

A

Regions of great heat and pressure in the mantle. A tube-like area in the middle of tectonic plates where convection current occurs

55
Q

Where are hotspots usually found?

A

Hawaiian area, also known as “The Hawaiian Hotspots” (not part of Pacific Ring of Fire)

56
Q

Describe Taal Volcano?

A

It is a volcano within a volcano: seen on an island in Taal Lake within Luzon. It is currently an active volcano, level 1

57
Q

How to classify volcano types?

A

By structure and by activity

58
Q

What are the 3 types of volcanoes by structure?

A

Cinder cone, shield, and composite volcanoes

59
Q

What are the features of a cinder cone volcano?

A

It is the most common type and the smallest. Has a large crater, narrow base, and steep sides. A smaller version of composite volcanoes

60
Q

How do cinder cones form?

A

By small fragments of rocks piling on one another.

61
Q

What are the features of a shield volcano?

A

It is non-explosive and is smaller than cinder cone. It has a wide base and flat top

62
Q

How do shield volcanoes form?

A

Its lava flow is less viscous so it spreads out and travels long distances laterally

63
Q

What are the features of a composite volcano?

A

It is the most explosive, tallest, steepest, mountain-like structure with a broad base.

64
Q

How do composite volcanoes form?

A

Its lava flow is highly viscous so it solidifies without traveling too far laterally, hence the steep sides. After an initial explosion, lava flows from the volcano, forming alternating layers

65
Q

Why are composite volcanoes highly explosive?

A

Due to its high viscosity, resulting in greater pressure that allows for an eruption to occur violently

66
Q

What are the 3 types of volcanoes by activity?

A

Active, dormant, and extinct

67
Q

Describe an active volcano?

A

Its magma chambers are full so it is greatly forseen to erupt again

68
Q

Where are active volcanoes found?

A

Convergent and divergent boundaries, and hotspots

69
Q

Describe a dormant volcano?

A

Its magma chambers are filling up so they are potentially active volcanoes that may erupt in the foreseeable future due to the presence of volcanic activities

70
Q

What are composite volcanoes also known as?

A

Stratovolcanoes due to their alternating layers

71
Q

What are dormant volcanoes also known as?

A

Sleeping or hibernating volcanoes

72
Q

What are examples of volcanic activities?

A

Earthquakes, changes in landforms, and changes in behavior of animals

73
Q

Where are dormant volcanoes found?

A

Convergent boundaries due to the sudden shifting of plates

74
Q

Describe an extinct volcano?

A

Its magma chambers are out of magma supply therefore they are considered dead and inactive. The plates are no longer above the hotspots and the lava has cooled down

75
Q

When does a volcanic eruption occur?

A

When lava and gas are ejected from a vent

76
Q

What are the 2 main types of eruptions?

A

Effusive and explosive

77
Q

What is an effusive eruption?

A

It is a light eruption therefore lava is less viscous and fewer amounts of gases are emitted. No pyroclastic flow is being ejected upwards

78
Q

What are the 2 types of effusive eruptions?

A

Icelandic and Hawaiian eruptions

79
Q

What is an Icelandic eruption?

A

Effusive, lava flowing in the landform, forming lava plateaus

80
Q

What is a Hawaiian eruption?

A

Effusive, eruption in Hawaiian area that forms shield volcanoes

81
Q

What is an explosive eruption?

A

It is a destructive and massive explosion wherein lava is highly viscous and large amounts of trapped gas are present.

82
Q

What are the 4 types of explosive eruptions?

A

Strombolian, vulcanian, pelean, and plinian

83
Q

What is a Strombolian eruption?

A

Explosive, least destructive. Small eruptions of pyroclastic flow upward

84
Q

What is a Vulcanian eruption?

A

Explosive, bigger eruptions than strombolian of pyroclastic flow upward. Gas and volcanic ash as a product, forming dark clouds

85
Q

What is a Pelean eruption?

A

Explosive, dense pyroclastic flow to the side rapidly

86
Q

What is a Plinian eruption?

A

Explosive, most destructive. Very tall pyroclastic flow resulting in massive ashfall.

87
Q

What are the products of volcanic eruptions?

A

Lava flow, lahar (mudflow), pyroclastic flow and ashfall, earthquakes, formation of igneous rocks

88
Q

What is lahar?

A

Mud flow, ash mixed with water

89
Q

What are pyroclastic materials?

A

Rock fragments, ashes, gases, fragments, lapili (volcanic bombs) ejected by the volcano during an eruption

90
Q

Why is there ashfall?

A

Due to the ash going down when pyroclastic materials are ejected by the volcano

91
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

When lava cools down and hardens

92
Q

What are some common igneous rocks?

A

Andesite, basalt, diorite, granite, and pumice

93
Q

What is the best benefit of volcanic eruptions to humans?

A

Soil enrichment, that allows for rich vegetation, resulting to balance in the ecosystem. Pyroclastic materials ejected by a volcano are rich in nutrients and minerals that benefit plants

94
Q

What elements are pyroclastic materials made of?

A

Fe, Mg, and N

95
Q

What are other benefits of eruptions to humans?

A

Volcanic island formation, Minerals and stones, Global cooling, Hot springs

96
Q

Describe volcanic island formation?

A

Benefit, materials inside the earth are pushed out the surface, creating different landforms during endogenic processes

97
Q

What are endogenic processes?

A

Plate movements and convection of magma

98
Q

Describe the presence of minerals and stones after an eruption?

A

Benefit, when molten rock is ejected off the surface, the area is being showered with minerals which benefits tourism and history

99
Q

Describe the benefit of global cooling after an eruption?

A

As heat and pressure are released, balance is restored. Also, gases and ashes block out excessive UV rays

100
Q

Describe the benefit of the formation of hot springs

A

Hot springs regulate blood pressure and produce electricity or geothermal energy

101
Q

What are the ways to predict volcanic eruptions?

A

By geological observations, seismic activities, emission of gases, ground deformation, and biological observations

102
Q

What are geological observations?

A

This is the act of experts observing endogenic processes and the history of volcanoes

103
Q

What are seismic activities for?

A

Seismic activities are earthquakes and are a sign of volcanic eruptions. It happens when there is the convection of magma underneath which makes plates move due to pressure, as heat is released, causing the shaking

104
Q

What are examples of ground deformation?

A

Landslides and rockslides

105
Q

What are biological observations?

A

This refers to the unusual behavior of animals as they have good instincts to sense bad occurrences

106
Q

Name and describe the alert levels in the Philippines?

A

0: no alert
1: no eruption is imminent although low-level unrest is felt
2: increasing unrest
3: increasing tendency toward eruption
4: intense unrest, an eruption is possible in a few days
5: hazardous eruption imminent

107
Q

What is the crust also known as?

A

Lithosphere

108
Q

How many tectonic plates are there in the crust?

A

15-20 plates

109
Q

Where are shield volcanoes found?

A

Along hotspots

110
Q

Where are composite volcanoes found?

A

Along the pacific ring of fire and subduction zones

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