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Constellations Flashcards

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1
Q

Define constellations?

A

a group of stars that form an imaginary outline on the celestial sphere

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2
Q

How many recognized constellations are there in total?

A

88

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3
Q

How many recognized constellations are there in the northern hemisphere?

A

30

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4
Q

How many recognized constellations are there in the southern hemisphere?

A

32

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5
Q

How many recognized constellations are being shared by the 2 hemispheres and where are they located?

A

26, on the side of the celestial sphere

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6
Q

When did the star of Bethlehem last appear and how did it appear?

A

Last December 21, due to the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter

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7
Q

How often does the star of Bethlehem appear?

A

Every 800 years

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8
Q

What is the star of Bethlehem also known as?

A

The Polaris or north star, which is the brightest star in the northern hemisphere

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9
Q

Describe the star of Bethlehem?

A

A supernova, which is a very bright light due to the explosion of supergiants

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10
Q

Describe the stone hedge?

A

It was used by neolithic people to study the day, month, and location of the earth as it revolves around the sun

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11
Q

How many ring positions are there in the stone hedge?

A

56 for the outermost, 30 for the middle, and 29 for the inner

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12
Q

Describe astronomy?

A

It is the study of the universe comprising of the planets, stars, galaxies, comets, and black holes

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13
Q

Describe the celestial sphere?

A

It is an imaginary bubble used to locate the position of heavenly bodies outside of earth. It is also concentric with earth meaning it shares the same center

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14
Q

What are heavenly bodies?

A

Stars, comets, and meteors

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15
Q

What is the celestial sphere also known as?

A

Galaxy

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16
Q

What is the size of the celestial sphere?

A

No specific size because it is not calculable

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17
Q

What are the 4 parts of the celestial sphere?

A

Celestial equator, North and South celestial poles, and Ecliptic

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18
Q

Describe the celestial equator?

A

Divides the north and south celestial poles

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19
Q

Which heavenly bodies do the Philippines see? Why?

A

All heavenly bodies located in the north celestial pole because the Philippines is located in the northern hemisphere

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20
Q

What is found in the north celestial pole?

A

Polaris, the brightest star in the northern hemisphere

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21
Q

Describe an ecliptic?

A

It is the path where the earth rotates on its axis

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22
Q

Describe a zenith?

A

It is the highest peak above our head on the celestial sphere

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23
Q

What is apart of the zenith? Describe.

A

Azimuth, which is the 360-degree surrounding

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24
Q

What are the degree measurements of the azimuth according to cardinal directions?

A

0: north, 90: east, 180: south, 270: west

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25
Q

Why do stars appear at night?

A

Because they generate their own light and this light is reflected by the atmosphere

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26
Q

Do stars twinkle?

A

No, they are just balls of gases and fire

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27
Q

What are the lit-up and twinkling objects in the sky?

A

Twinkling: stars, lit-up: planets

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28
Q

Where does the life cycle of stars begin?

A

It starts in the middle, which is the star-forming Nebula

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29
Q

How is a protostar made?

A

As hydrogen gases fuse due to gravity, they form helium gases and continue to fuse until they create a carbon core. From there, a protostar is produced

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30
Q

What happens if the protostar has a low fusion rate?

A

A low mass star would be produced and the life cycle will continue towards the left side

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31
Q

What happens if the protostar has a high fusion rate?

A

A high mass star would be produced and the life cycle will continue towards the right side

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of a low mass star?

A

Low pressure, fusion rate, temperature, cooler, and few amounts of gases accumulated

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of a high mass star?

A

High pressure, fusion rate, temperature, hotter, and more amounts of gases accumulated

34
Q

What is the sun considered as?

A

Low mass star

35
Q

How does the life cycle of a low mass star start?

A

From the low mass protostar, it will continue to accumulate gases making it bigger which will then enter the main sequence stage

36
Q

How does the life cycle of a high mass star start?

A

From the high mass protostar, it will continue to accumulate gases making it bigger which will then enter the main sequence stage

37
Q

What is the main sequence stage of a low mass star’s cycle and what does it turn to?

A

Sun-like star that turns in a giant

38
Q

What is the main sequence stage of a high mass star’s cycle and what does it turn to?

A

Massive star, resulting in a supergiant due to the high pressure, fusion rate, and temperature

39
Q

Low mass star: What forms after a giant? How?

A

Planetary nebula, because pressure and energy is used up, causing it to collapse

40
Q

High mass star: What forms after a supergiant? How?

A

Supernova, because supergiant will explode due to massive pressure

41
Q

Low mass star: What are the blue and orange looking fireworks do in the planetary nebula?

A

They are gases that fused which will spread and collapse

42
Q

Low mass star: What happens after planetary nebula collapses?

A

The core of the planetary nebula will be the one left, forming a white dwarf

43
Q

High mass star: What happens after a supernova is formed?

A

The supernova core can either turn into a black hole or a neutron star

44
Q

Describe a black hole?

A

It is a hole in the ground

45
Q

Describe a neutron star?

A

It is neither positively nor negatively charged

46
Q

How does the life cycle of a low mass star restart?

A

The gases released from planetary nebula will repeat the cycle

47
Q

How does the life cycle of a high mass star restart?

A

The debris of gases from the explosion will repeat the cycle

48
Q

How many years does it take for the sun to turn into a white dwarf?

A

Millions of years

49
Q

Recap the lifecycle of a low mass star?

A
  1. From low fusion rate protostar, it formed a low mass star
  2. Gathers gases making it bigger in size, turning into a sun-like star
  3. Turns into a giant as it grows bigger
  4. Turns into a planetary nebula as giant collapses due to pressure and energy being used up
  5. Planetary nebula will collapse and only the planetary nebula core would be left, forming a white dwarf
  6. Gases released from planetary nebula collapsing will repeat the cycle
50
Q

Recap the lifecycle of a high mass star?

A
  1. From high fusion rate protostar, it formed a high mass star
  2. Gathers gases making it bigger in size, turning into a massive star
  3. Turns into a supergiant as it grows bigger
  4. Turns into a supernova as supergiant explodes
  5. Supernova core either turns into a black hole or a neutron star
  6. Debris of gases from explosion will repeat the cycle
51
Q

How big is a high mass star?

A

8-10 times bigger than the sun

52
Q

How are stars classified?

A

Color & temperature, Luminosity, and Size,

53
Q

Describe type O?

A

Blue, hottest and brightest, 1st

54
Q

Describe type B?

A

Blue white, 2nd

55
Q

Describe type A?

A

White, 3rd

56
Q

Describe type F?

A

Yellow white, 4th

57
Q

Describe type G?

A

Yellow, 5th

58
Q

Describe type K?

A

Orange, it is an intermediate between orange and red, sometimes it is also called brown. 6th

59
Q

Describe type M?

A

Red, coolest and dimmest, 7th

60
Q

What are the color types and corresponding temperatures of stars?

A

Blue: type O (hottest and brightest)

Blue white: type B

White: type A

Yellow white: type F

Yellow: type G

Orange: type K

Red: type M (coolest and dimmest)

61
Q

What are the classifications of luminosity according to magnitude?

A

Absolute and apparent magnitude

62
Q

Describe absolute magnitude?

A

It is the true brightness of a star at a standard distance of 32.6 light-years

63
Q

Describe apparent magnitude?

A

It is the brightness of a star depending on the location and observer

64
Q

Where and when is it best to go stargazing? Why?

A

During the night in a high area province because no light pollution is seen and the atmosphere is thinner

65
Q

What are the 3 sizes of a star?

A

Supergiant, giant, and dwarf

66
Q

What are the colors stars can come into?

A

Red, blue, yellow, and brown that appears purple

67
Q

Describe the H-R Diagram?

A

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, a visual aid that shows connection of classification of stars

68
Q

Describe the 3 evolutionary stages?

A

Age of stars in its lifecycle. Protostar, Main sequence, Ending star

69
Q

Describe Tres Marias constellation?

A

Seen all throughout the Philippines at different locations depending on the month

70
Q

What are the names of 3 stars part of Tres Marias?

A

Alnilam, Mintaka, and Alnitak

71
Q

Describe Aquila constellation?

A

Eagle shaped

72
Q

Describe Pegasus constellation?

A

Winged-horse shaped

73
Q

Describe Ursa Major constellation?

A

Great big bear / Big dipper

74
Q

Describe Ursa Minor constellation?

A

Small bear / Little dipper

75
Q

Which constellation is Polaris star in?

A

Ursa Minor

76
Q

Describe an asterism?

A

A star part of a constellation within a bigger constellation which spans across other constellations as well

77
Q

What is an example of an asterism?

A

The Great Square

78
Q

How are constellations and zodiac signs related?

A

On your birthday, you are aligned on the constellation while the sun is blocking the view

79
Q

When should you look at your birthday constellation?

A

A month before your birthday so that the sun won’t block it

80
Q

Which constellation is Tres Marias apart of?

A

Orion

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