Vol.1-Ch.13 "Emergency Pharmocology" Flashcards
Chemical name VS generic name VS official name VS brand name
- Chemical name: chemical composition and molecular structure
- Generic name: suggested by manufacturer
- Official name: listed in United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
- Brand name: manufacturer gives drug name (trade or proprietary name)
Schedule I type drug and examples:
High abuse potential; may lead to severe dependence; no accepted medical indications; used for research, analysis, or instruction only
Examples: Heroin, LSD, mescaline
Schedule II type drug and examples:
High abuse potential; may lead to severe dependence; accepted medical indications
Examples: Opium, cocaine, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, methadone, secobarbital
Schedule III Type drug and examples:
Less abuse potential than Schedule I and II; may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence; accepted medical indications
Example: Limited opioid amounts or combined with noncontrolled substances; acetaminophen with codeine, buprenorphine
Schedule IV type drug and examples:
Low abuse potential compared to Schedule III; limited psychological and/or physical dependence; accepted medical indications
Examples: Diazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbital
Schedule V type drug and examples:
Lower abuse potential compared to Schedule IV; may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence; accepted medical indications
Examples:Limited amounts of opioids; often for cough or diarrhea
4 phases of human drug studies
Human studies: four phases.
Phase 1: drug’s pharmacokinetics, toxicity, safe dose.
Phase 2: test on limited population.
Phase 3: refine therapeutic dose; collect data on side effects.
Phase 4: postmarketing analysis during conditional approval
Six Rights of Medication Administration
Six Rights of Medication Administration Right medication Right dose Right time Right route Right patient Right documentation
4 things to consider when treating a pregnant Pt?
Pregnant patients; treating two patients.
Drugs that affect mother affect fetus.
Changes in mother’s anatomy and physiology.
Potential for drugs to harm fetus
What is a Broselow tape used for?
Broselow tape: approximation for children of average height/weight ratio. Helps find drug dosages for kids
Newborn’s metabolic rates _____ than adult’s; which makes them at _____ risk for toxic interactions.
Newborn’s metabolic rates lower than adult’s; which makes them at higher risk for toxic interactions.
4 things to consider with geriatric Pts
Absorb oral medications slower.
Aging alters distribution of drugs.
Likely to be on multiple medications; multiple underlying disease processes.
Medication interactions can have severe impact
Pharmacokinetics VS pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics: how drugs transported into and out of body.
Pharmacodynamics: drug effects once they reach target tissues.
Do drugs create new cell properties or modify/exploit existing cell properties?
Drugs do not confer new properties on cells or tissues; modify/exploit existing functions.
4 processes of pharmacokinetics?
Processes:
- absorption
- distribution
- biotransformation
- elimination.
Passive VS Active Transport?
- Active transport: use of energy to move a substance; achieved by breakdown of high-energy chemical bonds.
- Passive transport: movement of substance without use of energy.
Diffusion VS Osmosis VS Filtration
Diffusion: movement of solute in solution.
Osmosis: movement of solvent.
Filtration: movement of molecules across membrane down pressure gradient; area of high pressure to lower pressure.
If drug is not soluble in water than…?
If drug not soluble in water, it will have difficulty being absorbed.
Rate of drug absorption is directly related to _____?
Rate of absorption directly related to amount of surface area available for absorption.
Ionized drugs do not _____; most drugs do not fully ionize.
Ionized drugs do not absorb across membranes of cells; most drugs do not fully ionize.
A drugs concentration affects _____; _____ concentration, more rapidly the body will absorb them.
A drug’s concentration affects absorption; higher concentration, more rapidly the body will absorb them.
Loading dose is?
Loading dose: larger dose of same concentration of drug.
Bioavailability means?
Bioavailability: measure of amount of drug still active after it reaches target tissue.
Once drug enters bloodstream, it must _____
Distribution: once drug enters bloodstream, it must be distributed throughout body
Passes from bloodstream, through _____, into target cells
Passes from bloodstream, through interstitial spaces, into target cells
Certain organs can _____ some drugs from distribution.
Certain organs can exclude some drugs from distribution.
Chief proteins in blood for binding with drugs?
Albumins
What can affect protein-binding action of drug?
- Changing bloodstream’s pH can affect protein-binding action of drug.
- Presence of serum protein-binding drugs can affect drug-protein binding.
What is biotransformation?
What is a metabolite?
What is a prodrug or “parent drug”
Why are these important?
- Biotransformation: metabolism of drugs.
- Transforms drug into more or less active metabolite; makes drug more water soluble to facilitate elimination.
- Prodrugs (parent drugs) not active when administered; biotransformation converts them into active metabolites.
Where does most biotransformation occur?
Phase 1 = ?
Phase 2 = ?
Liver
Phase I: nonsynthetic reactions.
Phase II: synthetic reactions
Renal Excretion includes? (2)
Renal excretion: glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.
Changing urine pH affects _____?
Changing urine pH affects reabsorption in renal tubules.
Most drugs are secreted via _____?
Other routes include? (5)
Urine
or
Drugs excreted through expired air, feces, sweat, saliva, breast milk.
Enteral Routes VS Parenteral Routes (drug admin)
Enteral routes deliver medications by absorption through gastrointestinal tract.
Parenteral routes: needles to inject medications into circulatory system or tissues.
What dictates how drugs are stored?
Guidelines
What properties of the drug and environment may effect stored drugs?
Temperature, light, moisture, shelf life.
4 actions of drugs?
Actions of Drugs
- Bind to receptor site.
- Change physical properties of cells.
- Chemically combine with other chemicals.
- Alter normal metabolic pathway.
Affinity VS Efficacy
Affinity: force of attraction between drug and receptor.
(greater the affinity, stronger the bond)
Efficacy: drug’s ability to cause expected response
Most drugs bind to _____.
Almost all drug receptors are _____ on _____ cells
Most drugs bind to receptor.
Almost all drug receptors are protein molecules on surfaces of cells
Drugs _____ or _____ cell’s normal biochemical actions.
Drugs stimulate or inhibit cell’s normal biochemical actions.
Down-Regulation VS Up-Regulation
Down-regulation: decreased responsiveness of target cell to drug as number of active receptors decreases.
Up-regulation: drug causes formation of more receptors than normal; increases target tissue’s sensitivity to particular drug or hormone
Agonist VS Antagonist
Agonists: bind to receptor site; cause it to initiate expected response.
Antagonists: bind to site; do not cause receptor to initiate expected response.
(Agonist-antagonists may do both)
Receptor-mediated drug actions work like a lock (_____) and key (_____).
Receptor-mediated drug actions work like a lock (receptor) and key (agonist).
Drug-response relationship correlates?
Drug-response relationship: correlates different amounts of drug to clinical response.
Plasma-level profiles: include? (3)
Define each profile?
Plasma-level profiles: lengths of onset, duration, termination of action.
Onset of action: time from administration until medication reaches its minimum effective concentration.
Duration of action: length of time amount of drug remains effective.
Termination of action: drug’s level drops below minimum effective concentration.
Therapeutic index?
Therapeutic index: drug’s margin of safety.
Biologic half-life means?
Biologic half-life: time body takes to clear one-half of drug.
Drug interactions occur when?
Two drugs compete _____.
Occur whenever two or more drugs are available in same patient.
- Two drugs compete for plasma protein binding.
What are some things that occur when 2 drugs are in the system at the same time? (5)
- One drug alters rate of intestinal absorption.
- One drug alters the other’s metabolism.
- One drug’s action at receptor site may be antagonistic or synergistic to another’s.
- One drug alters the other’s rate of excretion through kidneys.
- One drug alters balance of electrolytes necessary for other drug’s expected result.
Ways to classify drugs? (3)
- Body system they affect, Mechanism of action, indications.
- Source or by chemical class.
- According to their uses
Prototype?
Prototype: drug that demonstrates class’s common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics.
CNS VS PNS?
Somatic nervous system VS autonomic nervous system?
- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord; all nerves that originate and terminate within brain or spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system: everything else
- Somatic nervous system: voluntary (motor) functions
- Autonomic nervous system: involuntary (automatic) functions.
Peripheral NS = Somatic NS + Autonomic NS
Autonomic NS = Sympathetic + Parasympathetic
Sympatheic VS Parasympathetic
Sympathetic = Fight or Flight Parasympathetic = Feed or Breed
Analgesics: ?
Analgesia: ?
Anesthesia: ?
Analgesics: medications that relieve sensation of pain.
Analgesia: absence of sensation of pain.
Anesthesia: absence of all sensation
Opioid antagonists?
Opioid antagonists: reverse effects of opioid analgesics.
Adjunct medications: ?
Adjunct medications: enhance effect of other analgesics.
Prototype opioid drug: ?
Prototype opioid drug: morphine
4 common opiodes?
Morphine (Duramorph)
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
Meperidine (Demerol)
4 Common non-opioid analgesics?
Acetaminophen (tylenol)
Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil)
Ketorolac (Toradol)
Asprin
2 common opioid antagonists?
Naloxone (Narcan)
Nalmefene (Revex)
2 common opioid agonist-antagonists?
Nalbuphine (Nubian)
Butorphanol (Stadol)
Anesthetics depress what 3 systems?
Given route?
Usually given via _____ outside operating room
Anesthetics: cause respiratory, central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular depression.
Given by inhalation or injection.
Most anesthetics used outside operating room given intravenously.
Given locally to block sensation
Acetaminophen (tylenol):
Class? Action? dosage? indication? contraindications? route?
- Nonnarcotic, analgesic, antipyretic
- Uncertain; felt to inhibit cyclooxygenase
- 325-650mg
- Mild Pain, Fever
- sensitive to drug, alcoholism, chronic liver disease
- PO, IV
(can be liver toxic so use minimal dosage necessary)
Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil):
Class? Action? dosage? indication? contraindications? route?
- NSAID
- Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic through inhibition of prostaglandins
- 200-800mg
- mild pain, fever, inflammation
- Sensitive to drug, bronchospasms, angioedema
- IV, IM
(commonly causes gastric upset)
NSAID?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Asprin:
Class? Action? dosage? indication? contraindications? route?
- NSAID
- Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic through inhibition
of thromboxane A2 - 350-650mg
- mild pain, fever, Platelet aggregation inhibitor
- sensitive to drug, bronchospasms, angioedema,
Patients receiving monamine oxidase inhibitors - PO
Antipyretic = ?
Reduces fever
Antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic drug effects?
Antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic drugs: decrease anxiety, induce amnesia, assist sleeping, part of balanced approach to anesthesia
Sedation means?
Hypnosis is?
Sedation: state of decreased anxiety and inhibitions.
Hypnosis: instigation of sleep.
Antianxiety/Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs include? (2)
what do they do? what is the antagonist?
Antianxiety/Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
- Benzodiazepines, barbiturates: decrease response to stimuli; dose dependent.
- Benzodiazepines antagonist: flumazenil.
Minimal Sedation effects on:
Responsiveness?
Airway?
Spontaneous Ventilation?
Cardiovascular function?
- Normal response to verbal stimulation
- Unaffected
- Unaffected
- Unaffected
Moderate Sedation/Analgesia effects on:
Responsiveness?
Airway?
Spontaneous Ventilation?
Cardiovascular function?
- Purposeful response to verbal or tactile stimulation
- No intervention required
- Adequate
- Usually Maintained
Deep Sedation/Analgesia effects on:
Responsiveness?
Airway?
Spontaneous Ventilation?
Cardiovascular function?
- Purposeful response to verbal or tactile stimulation
- Intervention may be required
- May be inadequate
- Usually maintained
General Anesthesia (deepest sedation) effects on: Responsiveness? Airway? Spontaneous Ventilation? Cardiovascular function?
- Unarousable, even with painful stimulation
- Intervention often required
- Frequently inadequate
- May be impaired
Ramsey Sedation Score: 1 = ? 2 = ? 3 = ? 4 = ? 5 = ? 6 = ?
1 = Patient is anxious and agitated, or both. 2 = Patient is cooperative, oriented, and tranquil. 3 = Patient responds to commands only. 4 = Patient exhibits brisk response to light glabellar tap or loud auditory stimulus. 5 = Patient exhibits a sluggish response to light glabellar tap or loud auditory stimulus. 6 = Patient exhibits no response.
glabellar (between eyebrows—just above the nose)
7 common sedative/hypnotics?
Benzodiazepines:
- Diazepam (Valium)
- Midazolam (Versed)
- Lorazepam (Ativan)
Dissociative Agents:
- Ketamine (Ketalar)
Miscellaneous Agents:
- Nitrous Oxide
- Propofol (Diprivan)
- Etomidate (Amidate)
Seizures are? (partial=? , generalized=?)
Goal of seizure management = ?
Seizures: state of hyperactivity of section of brain (partial); all of brain (generalized).
Goal of seizure management: balance eliminating seizures against side effects of medications used to treat them
(May or may not be accompanied by convulsions.)
Most common general mechanism treated in seizures is?
Most common: direct action on sodium and calcium ion channels in neural membranes.
CNS stimulants do what 2 things?
Central Nervous System Stimulants:
- Increasing release or effectiveness of excitatory neurotransmitters.
- Decreasing release or effectiveness of inhibitory neurotransmitters.
(Amphetamines, methylphenidates, methylxanthines)
Psychotherapeutic medications:
for what?
involve what drug?
do what?
Psychotherapeutic Medications
- Treat mental dysfunction.
- Involve monoamine.
- Regulating excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters is basis for psychopharmaceutical therapy.
(Schizophrenia, Depression, Bipolar disorder)
2 chief pharmeceutical classes of antipsychotics and neuroleptics?
Chief pharmaceutical classes of antipsychotics and neuroleptics: phenothiazines and butyrophenones.
Strength VS Potency
Strength: drug’s concentration.
Potency: amount of drug necessary to produce desired effect
3 common antipsychotics?
- Haloperidol
- Chlorpromazine
- Ziprasidone
Parkinson’s Disease:
_____ system disorder caused by: ?
_____ disease: goal to ?
Parkinson’s Disease:
- Nervous system disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in substantia nigra; controlling fine movements.
- Progressive disease: goal to restore ability to function without causing unacceptable side effects.
Preganglionic VS Autonomic ganglia VS Postganglionic
Preganglionic: autonomic nerve fibers exit CNS; terminate in autonomic ganglia.
Autonomic ganglia: nerve fibers from CNS interact with nerve fibers from ganglia to target organs.
Postganglionic: autonomic nerve fibers exit ganglia; terminate in target tissues.
Synapse: ?
Synapse: space between nerve cells.
Neuroeffector junction: ?
Neuroeffector junction: space between nerve cell and target organ.
Neurotransmitters: ?
Neurotransmitters: conduct nervous impulse between nerve cells or between nerve cell and target organ.
Cholinergic: (type of synapse that uses?)
Cholinergic: synapses that use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter.
Adrenergic: (type of synapses that uses?)
What 4 nerves use this?
Adrenergic: synapses that use norepinephrine as neurotransmitter.
Oculomotor nerve (III) Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X)
Stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system results in: (5)
Stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system results in:
- Pupillary constriction
- Secretion by digestive glands
- Reduction in heart rate; cardiac contractile force
- Bronchoconstriction
- Increased smooth muscle activity along digestive tract
Parasympathetic system has two types of ACh receptors: ?
Parasympathetic system has two types of ACh receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic
Nicotinic ACh Receptors (Acetylcholine)
- Found at neuromuscular junctions of?
- Found on postganglionic _____ nerves?
- Found on many _____
- Agonist?
- Antagonist?
- Found at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal (only) uscles.
- Found on postganglionic parasympathetic nerves.
- Found on many neurons in the brain.
- Nicotine
- Curare
Muscarinic ACh Receptors (Acetylcholine)
- Found at neuromuscular junctions of?
- Found on postganglionic _____ nerves?
- Found on many _____
- Agonist?
- Antagonist?
- Found at the neuromuscular junction of smooth and cardiac muscles
- Found on postganglionic sympathetic nerves.
- Found on glands
- Muscarine
- Atropine
Direct-acting VS Indirect-acting cholinergic drugs
Direct-acting cholinergics simulate effects of ACh.
Indirect-acting cholinergic drugs affect acetylcholinesterase.
SLUDGE stands for?
SLUDGE
Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation Gastric motility Emesis
Prototype direct-acting cholinergic: ?
Bethanechol
Prototype reversible cholinesterase inhibitor: ?
Neostigmine
Prototype anticholinergic drug: ?
Atropine
Anticholinergic agents oppose the _____ nervous system.
parasympathetic nervous system.
Muscarinic cholinergic antagonists do what?
Block effects of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors (anticholinergics or parasympatholytics).
2 types of parasympatholytic meds?
Atropine and Ipratropium
Nicotinic cholinergic antagonists: block acetylcholine only at _____ sites.
Nicotinic cholinergic antagonists: block acetylcholine only at nicotinic sites.
Ganglionic blocking agents: 2?
Both used to treat ?
Ganglionic blocking agents: trimethaphan and mecamylamine.
Both used to treat hypertension.
Neuromuscular blocking agents: do what?
Neuromuscular blocking agents: produce state of paralysis without affecting consciousness.
3 different neuromuscular meds?
Succinylcholine
Vecuronium
Rocuronium
Ganglionic stimulating agents: ?
alkaloid nicotine
Sympathetic nervous system does what 6 things?
Sympathetic nervous system
Stimulation of secretion by sweat glands
Constriction of blood vessels in skin
Increase in blood flow to skeletal muscles
Increase in heart rate and force of cardiac contractions
Bronchodilation
Stimulation of energy production
Collateral ganglia: abdominal cavity.
does what 4 things?
Collateral ganglia: abdominal cavity.
Reduction of blood flow to abdominal organs
Decreased digestive activity
Relaxation of smooth muscle in wall of urinary bladder
Release of glucose stores from liver
Sympathomimetics VS Sympatholytics
Sympathomimetics: stimulate sympathetic nervous system.
Sympatholytics: inhibit sympathetic nervous system
Natural catecholamines: include (3)
Synthetic catecholamines: include (2)
Natural catecholamines: norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine.
Synthetic catecholamines: dobutamine and isoproterenol
Alpha1 antagonism: controls ?
Alpha1 antagonism: controlling hypertension.
Beta1 stimulation: increases ? (3); cardiac arrest and hypotension.
Beta1 stimulation: increases heart rate, contractility, conduction; cardiac arrest and hypotension.
Beta1 antagonists: control ?.
Beta1 antagonists: control blood pressure.
Beta2 agonists: treat ?
Beta2 agonists: treat asthma and excessive narrowing of bronchioles.
Alpha adrenergic antagonists:
noncompetitive VS competitive (long or short acting)
Alpha adrenergic antagonists:
noncompetitive, long-acting;
competitive, short-acting
Prototype of direct-acting muscle relaxants: ?
Dantrolene.
Which is inside and outside the cell in the sodium potassium pump?
What ion is inside the cell that is used for muscle contraction
Sodium on outside
Potassium on inside
Calcium is inside the cells and used for muscle contraction
4 classes of cardiovascular drugs:
1 has an A/B/C
Class Ia = decrease repolarization rate
Ib = increase repolarization rate
Ic = decrease conduction velocity; delay
ventricular repolarization.
Class II = Beta Blockers
Class III = Potassium Channel Blockers
Class IV = Calcium Channel Blockers (decreasing conductivity through AV node; similar to beta blockers)
5 examples of Antihypertensives
Antihypertensives
Diuretics Beta-blockers and antiadrenergic drugs ACE inhibitors Calcium channel blockers Direct vasodilators
Drugs that affect blood volume control hypertension by manipulating _____.
What are most frequently prescribed antihypertensives
Drugs that affect blood volume control hypertension by manipulating preload.
Diuretics and beta-blockers most frequently prescribed
Antihypertensives:
Loop Diuretics VS Thiazides VS Potassium-sparing diuretics
Loop diuretics profoundly affect circulating blood volume. (Prototype: furosemide)
Thiazides: decrease fluid volume to prevent hypertension; not so much that they promote hypotension.
(Prototype: hydrochlorothiazide)
Potassium-sparing diuretics: not very potent diuretics; rarely used alone.
Fastest-acting antihypertensive available?
Works on arteris or veins?
Sodium nitroprusside acts on both arterioles and veins; fastest-acting antihypertensive available.
What occurs naturally in the foxglove plant? What is it useful for?
Cardiac glycosides: occur naturally in foxglove plant.
Indicated for heart failure and some types of arrhythmias.
Increases myocardial contractility and cardiac output.
3 types of angina pectoris?
Types of angina pectoris: stable; unstable; variant (Prinzmetal’s angina).
Stable VS Unstable Angina
Stable angina occurs after exercise; unstable angina without exertion.
_____ channel blockers have role in treatment of angina.
Calcium channel blockers have role in treatment of angina.
_____ are potent vasodilators used to treat all forms of angina.
Nitroglycerin dilates _____ rather than _____
Organic nitrates are potent vasodilators used to treat all forms of angina.
Nitroglycerin dilates veins rather than arterioles
Hemostasis: ?
Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding; series of events in response to tear in blood vessel.
Thrombi : ?
Primary pathology in ?
Thrombi (blood clots that obstruct vessels or heart cavities): primary pathology in myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism.
Hemostatic Agents:
Antiplatelet drugs VS Anticoagulants VS Fibrinolytics
Antiplatelet drugs: decreasing platelet aggregation.
Anticoagulants: interfering with clotting cascade.
Fibrinolytics: directly breaking up thrombus.
Hemostatic Agents:
Side effect?
Prototype antiplatelet drug: ?
- bleeding
- Prototype antiplatelet drug: aspirin.
Prototype parenteral anticoagulant: ?
Prototype oral anticoagulant?
What reverses parenteral anticoagulant?
Prototype parenteral anticoagulant: herapin
Prototype oral anticoagulant: warfarin.
Protamine can reverse effects of heparin.
Lipoproteins : ?
Elevated levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) indicated as causative factor in _____
Lipoproteins: transport mechanisms for lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol).
Elevated levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) indicated as causative factor in coronary artery disease.
Antihyperlipidemic Agents:
HDLs VS LDLs
(high or low density lipoproteins)
As blood cholesterol levels increase, ____ is deposited
HDLs: good cholesterol; lower blood cholesterol levels and decrease risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).
LDLs: bad cholesterol; increase blood cholesterol levels and risk of CAD.
As blood cholesterol levels increase, fatty plaque is deposited
Goal of Antihyperlipidemic Agents: ?
Goal in lowering LDL levels: prevent atherosclerosis and subsequent CAD.
Statins are ?
Statins: drugs that inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase
Beta 2 receptors usually used for?
Bronchodilation (asthma meds)
Rhinitis: ?
Nasal congestion: ?
Drugs that help typically help by?
Alpha1 agonists given ?
- Rhinitis: inflammation of nasal lining.
- Nasal congestion: dilated and engorged nasal capillaries.
- Drugs that constrict capillaries effective nasal decongestants.
- Alpha1 agonists given topically or orally.
Productive cough VS Unproductive cough
Productive cough: particles coughed up.
Unproductive cough: results from irritated oropharynx
Expectorants: increase ?
Mucolytics: ?
Expectorants: increase productivity of cough.
Mucolytics: makes mucus watery; easier to cough up
4 Main Indications for Gastrointestinal Drug Therapy: ?
Main Indications for Gastrointestinal Drug Therapy
Peptic ulcers
Constipation
Diarrhea and emesis
Digestion
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD): ?
Treatment: ?
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD):
Imbalance between factors in gastrointestinal system that increase acidity and those that protect against acidity.
(Ex. Indigestion, heartburn, perforated ulcers)
Treatment: antibiotics; drugs that block or decrease secretion of gastric acid
Proton pump inhibitors: act directly on _____ enzyme that secretes gastric acid.
Proton pump inhibitors: act directly on K+ H+ ATPase enzyme that secretes gastric acid.
Antacids: ?
Antacids: alkalotic compounds used to increase gastric environment’s pH.
Underlying disease usually correlated with diarrhea?
Bacterial Infection
Antiemetics: ?
Antiemetics: prevent emesis.
Ophthalmic drugs: treat?
Glaucoma: ?
Ophthalmic drugs: treat conditions involving eyes; glaucoma and trauma.
Glaucoma: degenerative disease; affects optic nerve
mydriasis : ?
cycloplegia : ?
mydriasis : pupil dilation
cycloplegia : paralysis of ciliary muscles used to focus vision
Ototoxic symptom: is ?
treat with : ?
Ototoxic symptom: tinnitus
treat with aspirin and NSAIDs.
what gland is the “master gland”?
pituitary
Parathyroid glands regulate ?
Hypoparathyroidism?
Hyperparathyroidism?
Parathyroid glands: regulate calcium levels.
Hypoparathyroidism: decreased levels of calcium and vitamin D.
Hyperparathyroidism: high levels of calcium
Thyroid gland: regulates ?
Hypothyroidism: ?
Goiters: ?
Hyperthyroidism? (What disease is related to this?)
Thyroid gland: regulates growth, maturation, metabolism.
Hypothyroidism: thyroid hormone replacement.
Goiters: enlargements of thyroid gland.
Hyperthyroidism: excessive release of thyroid hormones; result of tumors. (graves disease)
Drugs affecting the adrenal cortex:
Most important glucocorticoid: ?
Mineralocorticoids regulate ? (primary one is ?)
Androgens: regulate ?
(all three of these are hormones secreted by adrenal cortex)
Most important glucocorticoid: cortisol.
Mineralocorticoids regulate salt and water balance; primary is aldosterone.
Androgens: regulate sexual maturation and development.
Drugs affecting female repro system:
Principal ovarian estrogen: ?
Principal ovarian estrogen: estradiol.
Drugs affecting female repro system:
Oxytocics VS Tocolytics
Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants
Oxytocics: increase uterine contraction (uterine stimulants); ergonovine.
Tocolytics: relax uterus or inhibit uterine contraction; terbutaline, ritodrine.
Drugs Affecting Female Reproductive System
Infertility agents: promote ?
Infertility agents: promote maturation of ovarian follicles.
Drugs Used to Treat Cancer
Antimetabolite drugs: do?
Alkylating agents: do?
Mitotic inhibitors: do?
Antimetabolite drugs: mimic enzymes and proteins needed for DNA; prevent cells from reproducing
Alkylating agents: interfere with DNA splitting.
Mitotic inhibitors: interfere with cell division.
Fungi: are?
Fungi: parasitic microorganisms that cannot synthesize their own food.
