Vol.1-Ch.12 Part 2 "Pathophysiology" Flashcards
Predisposing factors to disease? (4)
- age
- gender
- genetics
- environment
Pathogenisis
Normal defined sequence of events that leads to the development of a disease
idiopathic
when predisposing factors of a disease cannot be identified the disease is “idiopathic”
etiology
study of diseases
clinical presentation
manifestation of a disease
symptom
what the patient tells you about the disease
sign
objective finding that you can identify through the physical exam
syndrome
a specific constellation of commonly found signs and symptoms
diagnosis
the process of identifying and assigning a name to a disease in an individual patient with similar sign sand symptoms
sequelae
expected complications (or common)
prognosis
expected outcome
Neoplastic disease
one where certain cells begin abnormal cell growth (neoplasia)
Iatrogenic
a disease that arises from the treatment method for a different disease
ionic bond
a bond formed from opposite charges
covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons
hydrogen bond
attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen atom (this is also a polar bond)
polar bond
unequal sharing of electron covalent bond
Cation VS Anion
Cation: missing electrons = has a positive charge
Anion: extra electrons = has a negative charge
major cation in the extracellular fluid?
sodium
major anion in the extracellular fluid?
chloride
major cation in the intracellular fluid?
potassium
free radicals, a side effect of aging?
highly reactive molecule or atom that have an unpaired electron in an outer orbital that is not contributing to molecular bonding
3 types of buffer systems and brief discription
- Carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system:
(primarily regulates the pH of blood)
it changes pH caused by inorganic acids and fixed acids in the ECF. When CO2 is added to H2O it turned into H2CO3 (carbonic acid). It quickly dissociates into 2 seperate molecules (H+ and HCO3- or hydrogen and bicarbonate) because carbon acid is very volatile. - Protein buffer system:
This buffer system relys on select amino acid chains in proteins to accept or release hydrogen ions.
(hemoglobin buffer system is part of this and helps because hemoglobin have large quantities of carbonic anhydrase which speeds up the carbonic acid -bicarbonate buffer system) - Phosphate Buffer system:
uses an anion dihydrogen phosphate (a weak acid) to bind with hydrogen to form monohydrogen phosphate
What enzyme greatly speeds up the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system?
carbonic anhydrase
what 3 things limit the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system?
- it doesnt protect from changes in pH due to carbon dioxide
- can only work when the repiratory system is functioning properly
- limited by the amount of available bicarbonate ions available
hypercapnia / hypocapnia
elevation or low amounts of in CO2
metabolic acidosis means you don’t have enough _____ to buffer against carbonic acid
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
endocytosis VS exocytosis
Endocytosis : materials engulfed by plasma membrane and drawn into the cell
Exocytosis: spills contents out of cell
Simple VS Facilitated diffusion
simple is random, facilitated uses channels for specific diffusion movement
how much % of body water is in intracellular fluid?
70%
how much % of body water is in extracellular fluid?
30%
how much % of body water is in interstitial fluid?
25%
how much % of body water is in intravascular fluid?
5%
what is the highly acidic ion?
hydrogen
what electrolyte is important for energy storage?
phosphate
hypertophy
increase in cell size
atrophy
decrease in cell size
metaplasia
cells that change from one adult cell type to another adult cell type
dysplasia
abnormal development of cells in tissue or organ
hyperplasia
increased number of cells in a tissue or organ
necrosis VS apoptosis
Necrosis : is cell death by outside forces
Apoptosis : is normal cell death
ishemic VS hypoxia
ischemic cell death is caused by diminished blood flow
hypoxia cell death is caused by lack of oxygen
fibroblasts
most abundant cell in connective tissue; responsible for production of connective tissue fibers
mast cells
release chems for body defense ; often near blood vessels
adipocytes
contain fat cells for energy storage
macrophages
engulf damaged cells
what are the two hormones called catecholamines?
epi and norepi
cardiac output formula
stroke volume x heart rate
what is the process of the renin - angiotensis system used to aid in compensatory shock
renin - angiotensin system
renin secreted by kidneys turns angiotensin into angiotensin 1
ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) turns ingiotensin 1 into 2 which is a vasoconstrictor and raises blood pressure
angiotensin 2 also stimulates productions of aldosterone (secreted by adrenal cortex) that tells kidneys to reabsorb sodium and in turn water
what are the 3 systems used in compensatory shock?
- Catecholamines (epi and norepi) secreted by adrenal
- Renin - Angiotensin system
- pituitary secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Decompensated shock
when compensation fails and meds are used
irreversible shock
What is the critical factor/sign
when meds are no longer helping
cardiac depression is a sign of this
What is MODS
multiple organ dysfunction syndrom
its a Progressive impairment of 2 or more oran systems resulting from uncontrolled inflammatory response to illness or injury
usually caused by septic shock or sepsis
usually happens from on overresponse on a second insult or affected systems
bacteria
single cell organisms that consist of internal cytoplasm surrounded by a rigid cell wall
endo vs exotocins
endotoxins : complex molecules that are contained in cell walls of certain Gram-negative bacteria
exotoxins : protiens secreted by bacterial cell during its growth
sepsis
systematic spread of toxins throughout blood stream
viruses
much smaller bacteria that can only be seen with an electron microscope
