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PC1-2 > Vol.1-Ch.12 Part 2 "Pathophysiology" > Flashcards

Vol.1-Ch.12 Part 2 "Pathophysiology" Flashcards

1
Q

Predisposing factors to disease? (4)

A
  • age
  • gender
  • genetics
  • environment
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2
Q

Pathogenisis

A

Normal defined sequence of events that leads to the development of a disease

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3
Q

idiopathic

A

when predisposing factors of a disease cannot be identified the disease is “idiopathic”

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4
Q

etiology

A

study of diseases

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5
Q

clinical presentation

A

manifestation of a disease

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6
Q

symptom

A

what the patient tells you about the disease

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7
Q

sign

A

objective finding that you can identify through the physical exam

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8
Q

syndrome

A

a specific constellation of commonly found signs and symptoms

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9
Q

diagnosis

A

the process of identifying and assigning a name to a disease in an individual patient with similar sign sand symptoms

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10
Q

sequelae

A

expected complications (or common)

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11
Q

prognosis

A

expected outcome

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12
Q

Neoplastic disease

A

one where certain cells begin abnormal cell growth (neoplasia)

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13
Q

Iatrogenic

A

a disease that arises from the treatment method for a different disease

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14
Q

ionic bond

A

a bond formed from opposite charges

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15
Q

covalent bond

A

equal sharing of electrons

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16
Q

hydrogen bond

A

attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen atom (this is also a polar bond)

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17
Q

polar bond

A

unequal sharing of electron covalent bond

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18
Q

Cation VS Anion

A

Cation: missing electrons = has a positive charge

Anion: extra electrons = has a negative charge

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19
Q

major cation in the extracellular fluid?

A

sodium

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20
Q

major anion in the extracellular fluid?

A

chloride

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21
Q

major cation in the intracellular fluid?

A

potassium

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22
Q

free radicals, a side effect of aging?

A

highly reactive molecule or atom that have an unpaired electron in an outer orbital that is not contributing to molecular bonding

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23
Q

3 types of buffer systems and brief discription

A
  1. Carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system:
    (primarily regulates the pH of blood)
    it changes pH caused by inorganic acids and fixed acids in the ECF. When CO2 is added to H2O it turned into H2CO3 (carbonic acid). It quickly dissociates into 2 seperate molecules (H+ and HCO3- or hydrogen and bicarbonate) because carbon acid is very volatile.
  2. Protein buffer system:
    This buffer system relys on select amino acid chains in proteins to accept or release hydrogen ions.
    (hemoglobin buffer system is part of this and helps because hemoglobin have large quantities of carbonic anhydrase which speeds up the carbonic acid -bicarbonate buffer system)
  3. Phosphate Buffer system:
    uses an anion dihydrogen phosphate (a weak acid) to bind with hydrogen to form monohydrogen phosphate
24
Q

What enzyme greatly speeds up the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system?

A

carbonic anhydrase

25
Q

what 3 things limit the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system?

A
  1. it doesnt protect from changes in pH due to carbon dioxide
  2. can only work when the repiratory system is functioning properly
  3. limited by the amount of available bicarbonate ions available
26
Q

hypercapnia / hypocapnia

A

elevation or low amounts of in CO2

27
Q

metabolic acidosis means you don’t have enough _____ to buffer against carbonic acid

A

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

28
Q

endocytosis VS exocytosis

A

Endocytosis : materials engulfed by plasma membrane and drawn into the cell

Exocytosis: spills contents out of cell

29
Q

Simple VS Facilitated diffusion

A

simple is random, facilitated uses channels for specific diffusion movement

30
Q

how much % of body water is in intracellular fluid?

A

70%

31
Q

how much % of body water is in extracellular fluid?

A

30%

32
Q

how much % of body water is in interstitial fluid?

A

25%

33
Q

how much % of body water is in intravascular fluid?

A

5%

34
Q

what is the highly acidic ion?

A

hydrogen

35
Q

what electrolyte is important for energy storage?

A

phosphate

36
Q

hypertophy

A

increase in cell size

37
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

38
Q

metaplasia

A

cells that change from one adult cell type to another adult cell type

39
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal development of cells in tissue or organ

40
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased number of cells in a tissue or organ

41
Q

necrosis VS apoptosis

A

Necrosis : is cell death by outside forces

Apoptosis : is normal cell death

42
Q

ishemic VS hypoxia

A

ischemic cell death is caused by diminished blood flow

hypoxia cell death is caused by lack of oxygen

43
Q

fibroblasts

A

most abundant cell in connective tissue; responsible for production of connective tissue fibers

44
Q

mast cells

A

release chems for body defense ; often near blood vessels

45
Q

adipocytes

A

contain fat cells for energy storage

46
Q

macrophages

A

engulf damaged cells

47
Q

what are the two hormones called catecholamines?

A

epi and norepi

48
Q

cardiac output formula

A

stroke volume x heart rate

49
Q

what is the process of the renin - angiotensis system used to aid in compensatory shock

A

renin - angiotensin system

renin secreted by kidneys turns angiotensin into angiotensin 1

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) turns ingiotensin 1 into 2 which is a vasoconstrictor and raises blood pressure

angiotensin 2 also stimulates productions of aldosterone (secreted by adrenal cortex) that tells kidneys to reabsorb sodium and in turn water

50
Q

what are the 3 systems used in compensatory shock?

A
  1. Catecholamines (epi and norepi) secreted by adrenal
  2. Renin - Angiotensin system
  3. pituitary secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
51
Q

Decompensated shock

A

when compensation fails and meds are used

52
Q

irreversible shock

What is the critical factor/sign

A

when meds are no longer helping

cardiac depression is a sign of this

53
Q

What is MODS

A

multiple organ dysfunction syndrom

its a Progressive impairment of 2 or more oran systems resulting from uncontrolled inflammatory response to illness or injury

usually caused by septic shock or sepsis

usually happens from on overresponse on a second insult or affected systems

54
Q

bacteria

A

single cell organisms that consist of internal cytoplasm surrounded by a rigid cell wall

55
Q

endo vs exotocins

A

endotoxins : complex molecules that are contained in cell walls of certain Gram-negative bacteria

exotoxins : protiens secreted by bacterial cell during its growth

56
Q

sepsis

A

systematic spread of toxins throughout blood stream

57
Q

viruses

A

much smaller bacteria that can only be seen with an electron microscope

PC1-2 (23 decks)

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