Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Voice > Vocal pathology > Flashcards

Vocal pathology Flashcards

1
Q

vocal fold nodule

typical location

A

midmembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

webs

onset

A

congenital and acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Candida

typical location

A

oral, laryngeal, and pharyngeal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • pharmacologic tx
  • surgical option-thymectomy
  • plasmapheresis
  • voice therapy focuses on conservation
A

myasthenia gravis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • inherited autosomal dominant disorder
  • mutation on chromosome 4
  • targeted to the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
A

Huntington’s disease/ chorea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Thinning or loss of the superficial layer of vocal fold tissue
  • etiology undefined- linked to smoking
A

Sulcus vocalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Varix/ecstasia onset

A

acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

laryngomalacia onset

A

congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • found along the vocal processes
  • tend to grow over contact ulcers until cause of irritation is addressed
  • unilaterally or bilaterally
  • can result from
    • laryngopharyngeal reflux
    • intubation trauma
    • phonotrauma
A

Granulomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • congenital occurs when there is a failure of recanalization during embryonic development
  • 75% occur at birth
  • typically are located anteriorly
  • can block up to 75% of the glottal airway
  • thickness varies from thin and translucent to thick
  • acquired can occur from
    • laryngeal trauma
    • prolonged intubation
A

laryngeal web

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • often resolves with rest and hydration
  • antibiotics
  • necessary to pinpoint the cause of the inflammation
  • remove the causative irritant or pathogen
  • vocal hygiene
A

laryngitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a term used to describe a mode of protection used by a patient either purposefully or subconsciously to prevent further injury or pain during voice production

A

covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

contact ulcers/granuloma

onset

A

acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

placement of a breathing tube to aid in ventialtion

A

intubation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a funcal infection that occurs as a consequence of weakness within the immune system

A

candidiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

1 idiopathic voice disorders

A

paradoxic vocal fold dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 etiologic groupings of voice disorders

A
  • functional
  • organic
  • neurologic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what percentage of voice patients have laryngopharyngeal reflux?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 types of laryngeal trauma

A
  • penetrating
  • blunt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • acid reflux is acid back flow up from the stomach into the esophagus
  • acid that reaches the upper pharynx and upper airway
  • lining of the larynx is less protective than the esophagus
  • common source of irritation in the larynx
  • contributes to the formation of granulomas
A

laryngopharyngeal reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • caused by reductions in the peripheral nervous system
  • results in a severe decline in muscle’s ability to contract
  • typical onset is between the third and sixth decade of life
A

myasthenia gravis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • fluid filled lesion
  • develops in the superficial layer of the lamina propria
  • has its own blood supply
  • typically forms unilaterally
  • cause thought to be from acute vocal trauma or from phonotraumatic behaviors
  • can occur as the result of a single traumatic incident
A

vocal fold polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • visually appears firm, callous-like and fixed to the underlying mass of mucosa
A

chronic vocal fold nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • recurrence rate is slow
  • tend to be more localized in upper airway
  • the causative agents include:
    • sexual contact
    • trigger tha treduces the autoimmune system
    • severe gastroesophageal reflux
A

laryngeal papilloma in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • motor neuron disease
  • fatally attacks the neurons responsible for controlling voluntary muscle contraction
  • small percentage genetically inherits disease
  • affects most individuals randomly
A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) aka Lou Gherig’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • etiology
    • phonotrauma or traumatic injury
      • surgical or medical procedures
      • prolonged levels of high intensity voice
      • excessive crying
      • use of anti-coagulant
A

vocal fold hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

presbylaryngis

typical location

A

glottal gap may be present anteriorly or posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

presbylaryngis

onset

A

acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • advances in surgical management have reduced the need for tracheotomy
  • in less severe causes, a reconstruction procedure called laryngotracheoplasty is perfromed
  • in more cases a cricotracheal resection is completed
A

subglottic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are structural pathologies of the vocal folds?

A
  • alteration in the histological organization of the vocal fold
  • identified via visual inspection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • use of the ventricular folds during voicing instead of, along with the true vocal folds
  • comon conditions associated
    • severe muslce tension
    • severe true vocal fold dysfunction
A

ventricular phonation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

superficial, prominent veint that is enlarged and dilated

A

varix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

laryngeal trauma

typical location

A

affects laryngeal cartilages and mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hemorrhage

typical location

A

membranous vocal fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

subglottic stenosis

onset

A

congenital or acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • autoimmune and inflammatory disease and neurogenic
  • progressive demyelination and axonal damage
  • more females diagnosed
  • may be related to genetics and demographics
  • widespread in areas that are further from the equator
  • triggered by exposure to environmental toxins, trace metal exposure, and climate
A

multiple sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vocal fold nodules

onset

A

acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

vocal fold polyps

typical location

A
  • free edge of true vocal fold
  • inferior border of true vocal fold
  • more diffuse pattern
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hemorrhge

benign/malignant

A

usually benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • congenital or acquired
  • narrowing of the tissue below the level of the glottis
  • no predilliction for sex or race
  • associated with a malformed cricoid cartilage occuring in utero
  • acquired caused by prolonged intubation or other forms of mechanical trauma
A

subglottic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • mucosal irritation of the arytenoid complex
  • impact stress from
    • loud talking
    • shouting
    • repetitive arytenoid contact
A

phonotrauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Laryngomalacia typical location

A

upper airways, glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 types of vocal fold nodules

A
  • acute
  • chronic
  • reactive nodule change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Granular cell tumor onset

A

acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Candida onset

A

acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vocal fold polyps- onset

A

acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • hyperkinetic movement disorder
  • most common movement disorder
  • affects the extremitites-hands and limps
  • more common in those of advancing age
  • essential tremor of the larynx is centrally driven
  • tremor is worsened by anxiety, fatigue, and excitement
  • symptoms relieved by alcohol intake
A

essential tremor

25
Q

sulcus vocalis typical location

A

vocal fold edge

26
Q

leukoplakia/hyperkeratosis

onet

A

acquired

27
Q

laryngeal trauma

onset

A

acquired

28
Q
  • increased muscle activity in the head and neck
  • responses on case hx often include
    • stress
    • anxiety
    • depression
    • high vocal demand
    • busy schedule
    • complaints of physical and emotional overload
  • associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux
A

muscle tension dysphonia (MTD)

29
Q
  • related to a manifestation of stress, depression, or anxiety
  • psychogenic voice disorder
  • tends to emerge very quickly
  • associated with traumatic event or severe stress
  • no evidence of physical or neurologic cause
  • significant functional and social impact
A

conversion aphonia

30
Q

sulcus vocalis onset

A

acquired

31
Q
  • formation related to intubation is rare
  • mucosa becomes irritated by the endotracheal tube
  • a reaction to the irritation, granulation tissue forms
  • resolves quickly if from intubation trauma
A

Intubation trauma contact ulcers/granuloma

32
Q

muscle tension dysphonia

onset

A

acquired

33
Q
  • resulting from injury after a traumatic dislocation
    • potentially from intubation
    • disease such as inflammation
  • Results in stiffness and/or fusion of the cricoarytenoid joint
A

Ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joint

34
Q

Laryngitis

typical location

A

diffuse

35
Q

reinke’s edema/polypoid degeration/diffuse polyposis

onset

A

acquired

36
Q
  • damage to the tissues as a result of exposure to blood
  • when superficial layer of the lamina propria is affected, the effects can be devastating
    • dysphonia
    • complete aphonia
    • absence of voice
A

vocal fold hemorrhage

37
Q

An extreme form of edema when the entire membranous portion of the vocal folds becomes filled with fluid

A

polypoid degeneration

37
Q

a wasting and thinning of muscle tissue

A

sarcopenia

37
Q
  • branch of the vagus nerve
  • primarily responsible for vocal fold abduction and adduction
A

recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

38
Q

types of edema (4)

A
  • generalized edema
  • reinke’s edema
  • polypoid degeneration
  • diffuse polyposis
40
Q

granular cell tumor

typical location

A

originates from the muscle

41
Q

a stent designed to keep the anterior commissue area from closing

A

keel

42
Q

cysts onset

A

congenital and acquired

43
Q

papilloma

typical location

A

musculomembranous region, but may extend into arytenoid, ventricle, and subglottis

44
Q

Papilloma onset

A

acquired and congenital

45
Q
  • sarcopenia
  • effects on the thyroarytenoid muscle
    • becomes thinner
    • less pliable
    • collagen in the deeper portions becomes dense
A

presbylaryngis

46
Q

webs

typical location

A
  • level of the true vocal folds
  • some subglottic and supraglottic
47
Q

What is the initial step in treatment to manage Reinke’s edema that is due to cigarette smoking?

A

the patient should quit smoking

48
Q

hemorrhage

onset

A

acquired

49
Q

common sites for papillomatosis (5)

A
  • true vocal folds
  • trachea/bronchi
  • palate
  • nasopharynx
  • rare instances, lungs
50
Q

5 factors that can contribute to acid reflux

A
  • ingestion of fatty foods
  • chocolate
  • caffeine
  • alcohol
  • cigarette smoking
52
Q
  • neurodegenerative disorder with unknown etiology
  • diagnosis exclusively clinical
  • iaging exams help rule out other pathologies
A

progressive supranuclear palsy

54
Q
  • early surgical exploration
  • fixation of
    • dislocated joints
    • displaced laryngeal fractures
    • mucosal lacerations
A

laryngeal trauma

55
Q
  • Unknown origin, thought to be related to basal ganglia dysfunction
  • affects the laryngeal adductory and abductory muscles during phonation
  • 3 types
    • adductor
    • abductor
    • mixed
  • associated with writer’s cramp, essentia tremor, remote diagnosis of mumps or measles, or major life stress
A

spasmodic dysphonia

56
Q
  • features of visual assessment
    • tends to interfere with vocal fold closure
    • “wart or raspberry” type appearance
    • adult cases usually appear as a solitary lesion
    • juvenile cases tend to spread throughout the airway
    • increased stiffness
      • impedes vibratory amplitude
      • mucosal wave may be absent in the area of lesions
    • multiple surgical excisions
      • cover may be stiff
      • interfere significantly with amplitude and vibratory behavior
    • ventricular compression can be observed
A

laryngeal papilloma

57
Q
  • found along vocal processes
  • raw sores on the mucus membrane of the arytenoid process
  • can result from
    • laryngeal reflux
    • irritation
    • intubation trauma
    • phonotrauma
A

contact ulcers

58
Q
  • white plaque like formation occurring on the vocal fold surface
  • usually found at the anterior portion of the vocal fold but may extend into the arytenoid area
  • considred a precancerous state and should be biopsied
  • primary cause is chronic irritation
A

leukoplakia/hyperkeratosis

59
Q

Hyperfunctional/ ventricular phonation onset

A

acquired

60
Q

subglottic stenosis

typical location

A

membranous or cartilaginous

61
Q
  • inflammatory condition of the vocal fold mucosa
  • caused by
    • reaction to a viral and/or bacterial infection
    • traumatic conditions
    • autoimmune diseases
A

laryngitis

62
Q

5 demographic factors that contribute to the varying incidence of voice disorders

A
  • occupation
  • age
  • sex
  • region
  • race
63
Q
  • creates a contralateral reaction
  • can develop into a larger and more discrete nodule
A

reactive nodular change

65
Q

the buildup of fluid primarily in the superficial layer of the vocal folds

A

edema

67
Q
  • Features of visual assessment
    • commonly bilateral along the entire membranous length
    • can be unilateral
    • likened to water balloons
    • increased stiffness of the superficial layer
    • increased mass of the cover and depth of the vibratory edge
    • glottic closure is usually complete
    • the horizontal vibratory amplitude is often reduced
A

edema

69
Q

cysts

typical location

A

attached to vocal ligament or epithelia basement membrane

70
Q
  • adolescent males who maintain a high voice
  • proposed causes
    • failure to accept male voice
    • social immaturity
    • male identity problems
    • hearing impairment
    • immature laryngeal maturation
    • poor neuromuscular cordination
A

puberphonia

71
Q
  • inflammatory degenration of the superficial layer of the lamina propria
  • typically form bilaterally
  • caused by phonotraumatic behaviors
A

vocal nodules

73
Q
  • rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease process
A

multiple system atrophy

74
Q
  • branch of the vagus nerve
  • bilaterally innervates the cricothyroid
A

the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)

75
Q
  • typically occurs w/i the first five years from perinatal infection
  • identifiable as elevated growths
  • rare
  • children born to condylomatous mothers are at risk for developing this
A

Juvenile laryngeal papilloma

76
Q

varix/ectasia

typical location

A
  • varies:
    • vocal fold edge
    • medial surface
    • lateral surface
77
Q

difficulty forming words; presenting with imprecise consonants, hard to understand speech

A

dysarthria

78
Q
  • originating in the superficial layer of the lamina propria
  • direct result of phonotrauma
  • midmembranous portion of the vocal fold
  • related to high-pressure phonatory events
  • more prevalnet in women than men
A

varix and ectasia

79
Q
  • commonly caused by
    • surgical trauma
    • malignancies
    • endotracheal intubation
    • neurologic disease
    • idiopathic causes
  • life threatening when folds are fixed in paramedian position
  • can sometimes be confused with bilateral arytenoid fixation
A

bilateral true vocal fold paralysis

80
Q

Pathology classifications (5)

A
  • structural
  • neurologic
  • systemic disease
  • functional
  • idiopathic
81
Q

abnormal antibodies are removed from the blood, immune globulin are given

A

plasmapheresis

83
Q
  • benign tumors arising from muscle
  • often associated with the presence of another in the body
  • uncommon overall
    • more prevalent in women 30-60 years
    • rare in men
A

granular cell tumor

84
Q

ventricular folds have grown in size

A

hypertrophy

85
Q
  • most common cause of inspiratory stridor in infancy
  • congenital condition of unknown etiology
  • risk of airway obstruction as cartilages are suseptible to collapse during inspiratory phase
  • characterized by
    • floppy epiglottis
    • large aryepiglottic folds
    • large arytenoid process
  • if the cartilages are very soft the entire larynx may be seen to collapse during inspiration
A

laryngomalacia

86
Q
  • pathologic tissue change in th emucosa
  • identified with biopsy
  • abnormal cells are not found to be malignant
  • often indicative of early cancerous process
  • appears whitish or redish in color due to hypervascularization
  • can form a mass, plaque, or irregularity on the vocal fold edge
A

Dysplasia and laryngeal cancer

87
Q
  • complex disorder where vocal fold adduction occurs on inspiration
  • paradoxic vocal fold motion with dysphonia is episodic proxysmal laryngospasm
  • describes intrinsic laryngeal abnormal activity
  • mistaken for
    • asthma
    • vocal fold paralysis
    • laryngeal edema
A

paradoxic vocal fold dysfunction

88
Q

Ways paralysis of the SLN may occur (3)

A
  • trauma
  • infectious conditions with viral infections
  • damage during surgery to thyroid gland
89
Q
  • benign mucus-filled lesion surrounded by a membrane
  • located near the vocal fold surface
  • the causes include:
    • phonotraumatic behaviors
    • glandular blockage
  • appear at the midmembranous portion
  • can present congenitally
A

cysts

90
Q
  • a fungal infectio that occurs as a consequence of weakness w/i the immune system
  • may occur due to
    • sickness
    • immune system supressing medication
A

Candida

91
Q
  • buildup of fluid in the superficial layer
  • caused by long-standing trauma or chronic exposure to irritants
A

edema

92
Q

puberphonia

onset

A

acquired

93
Q

leukoplakia/hyperkeratosis

typical location

A
  • vocal fold surface and/or interarytenoid area
94
Q

What about shouting contributes to mucosal irritation to the vocal folds?

A
  • repetitive arytenoid contact
95
Q

neurologic voice disorders occur when there is damage to…

A

central or peripheral nervous system

96
Q
  • may recurr very rapidly
  • can cause searious threat to the airway
  • can require surgery every 2 to 4 weeks
  • impact on voice quality highlly substantial due to frequent surgeries and subsequent vocal fold scarring
A

Laryngeal papilloma

97
Q

Variables to work on with transgender individuals other than pitch: (4)

A
  • resonance
  • intonation
  • rate
  • vocal intensity
98
Q
  • generally result in mild to severe hoarseness
  • voice quality is a function of the size, shape, and firmness
  • globus sensation may be present
  • throat clearing and cough
A

cysts

99
Q

cancer

onset

A

acquired

Voice (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions